Question A: How could an infection in Cari’s nasal passages and pharynx spread into her sinuses? The infection spreads because the pharynx, sinuses, larynx, and trachea are all connected and the infection is prone to spread to the surrounding areas. Question B: What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing. The cough reflex is a long and deep inhalation followed by the closing of the glottis, this causes a strong exhalation that pushes the glottis open and sends air through the respiratory passages.
B. What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing. The cough reflex is a long and deep inhalation followed by the closing of the glottis, this causes a strong exhalation that pushes the glottis open and sends air through the respiratory passages. Stimulus for the reflex could be a foreign body in the larynx, trachea, or epiglottis.
coronary heart disease Coronary heart disease is when our hearts blood supply is blocked by a build-up of fatty substances in the arteries. Over a period of time our arteries can become blocked by fats. Our arteries will then become narrow causing the amount of blood flow to our heart to be restricted. This can result in angina (chest pains). However if he arteries become completely blocked it can cause a heart attack.
Because of M.M.’s increased Kussmaul respirations he is unable to fully express carbon dioxide from his lungs causing the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood to increase and the pH to decrease causing acidosis. The physician will likely order a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) lung scan and a continuous heparin
Emphysema affects the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled. It also increases their RV (residual volume) and FRC ( Functional Residual Capacity) 6. If a person is receiving supplemental oxygen to restore blood oxygen levels, why might it be better to administer a combination of oxygen and carbon dioxide rather than pure oxygen? If you provide a combo of both, your body has to work harder to maintain the oxygen level because you are putting in both O2 and CO2. Your body will get rid of CO2.
This occurs because of the increased need for oxygen by the thickened ventricle and because of reduced blood flow to the coronary arteries. o irregular heartbeat which you may feel as palpitations. • If the narrowing is severe the left ventricle may not function properly and you can develop heart failure. This causes shortness of breath, tiredness, and fluid retention in various tissues of the body. See separate leaflet called 'Heart Failure'.
Invades nasopharynx where it replicates & spreads down to lower airway via aspiration of upper airway secretions. Causes necrosis of respiratory epithelium of small airways, peribronchiolar mononuclear infiltration & plugging of the lumens with mucus and exudate. The small airways become variably obstructed; this allows adequate inspiratory volume but prevents full expiration. This leads to hyperinflation & atelectasis. Serious alterations in gas exchange occur with arterial hypoxemia & CO2 retention resulting from mismatching of pulmonary ventilation (gas exchange w/in lungs) and perfusion.
B Rationale: Hypertension is a primary cause of heart failure because the increase in ventricular afterload leads to ventricular hypertrophy and dilation. Hypertensive crisis may precipitate acute heart failure is some patients, but this patient with stage 1 hypertension may not be concerned about a crisis that happens only to some patients. Hypertension does not directly cause rheumatic heart disease (which is precipitated by infection with group A -hemolytic streptococcus) or papillary muscle rupture (which is caused by myocardial infarction/necrosis of the papillary muscle). Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 822 Nursing Process: Planning NCLEX: Health Promotion and
Three main factors contribute to this: peribronchial fibrosis, build-up of scar tissue from damage to the airways and over-multiplication of the epithelial cells lining the airways.3,4 Parenchymal destruction is associated with loss of lung tissue elasticity, which occurs as a result of destruction of the structures supporting and feeding the alveoli (emphysema). This means that the small airways collapse during exhalation, impeding airflow, trapping air in the lungs and reducing lung capacity (Figure 2). Inflammatory cells__2 Figure 1: Inflammatory and immune cells involved in COPD.2 Adapted from Barnes, PJ. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8:183-92 11grafik2 Figure 2: Airflow limitation in
This results in chronic low levels of carbon dioxide. So in asthmatic patients it is believed that the low carbon dioxide levels lead to inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Which leads us to the one important technique that has been studied for asthma, which is Buteyko breathing. Proponents of Buteyko breathing techniques (BBT) suggest that hyperventilation resulting in alveolar and airway hypocapnia is a major contributor to the asthma. Buteyko breathing involves controlling your breathing by decreasing both the volume of each breath and the number of breaths you take per minute (Mark 1019).