C) Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? There are macrophages presents (wandering phagocytes) that remove dust particles and other debris from the alveolar space. D) How would the resistance of Cari’s airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lung? The lung capacity is decreased because the air space is already filled with mucus and fluids therefore she can’t take in enough oxygen. The extra mucus and fluids put extra pressure on the lungs.
The invading organism causes symptoms, in part, by provoking a large immune response in the lungs. The capillaries become leaky, and protein-rich fluid seeps into the alveoli. This results in a less functional area for oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange. The patient becomes relatively oxygen deprived, while at the same time retaining large amounts of carbon dioxide. During this process, mucus production is increased.
How would the resistance of Cari’s airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lung? The excess mucus and fluid in the lungs would increase the resistance of Cari’s airways because of the small diameter the buildup would cause and the fluid would have some alveoli underwater where they can’t function properly causing more friction from the buildup. 5. How would Cari’s lung compliance be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? Cari’s lung compliance would increase from trying to force gases in and out of the alveoli that are filled with fluid.
Smokers’ cough turns into chronic bronchitis, caused by the deteriorated cilia. Mucus thickens and becomes greater in amount, thickening the lining of the bronchioles, resulting in difficulty breathing. The bronchioles steadily lose their elasticity which prevents them from absorbing the pressure on the alveoli, causing the alveoli to rupture; smoking-induced emphysema. This progression results in a worsening cough, wheezing, difficult breathing, and fatigue. As these structural changes are occurring, there are also cellular or molecular changes taking place in the lungs.
Smoking: * Causes the platelets in your blood to clump together easily by making your blood cells more "sticky" and more likely to form clots. Clumping platelets can then block your coronary arteries and cause a heart attack. * Can cause spasms in your coronary arteries, which can reduce the blood flow to your heart in a way similar to that of atherosclerosis. * Can trigger irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). * Lowers "good" cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein, or HDL).
When the fats lays in the blood vessels, it increases the size and cause a blockage in the artery which can make a person get low breathing and chest pain. Nervous system Nerves cells communicate with muscle to function properly. In older age neurotransmitters which are released by the nerve cell get weaker to communicate with muscle and function less effectively. Degeneration of the sense organs Sight: - cataracts and glaucoma affect eyesight in older people for the age of 60 upwards. When we get old our lenses changes and become hard and cloudy and it gets stop by cataracts from changing shape or transmit light.
It means that if the simple coal worker disease is carried over a long period of time. The fibrosis also gets intense due to over exposure of dust in lungs which can hinder in the normal function of lung. People who suffer from complicated coal worker pneumoconiosis also have weak immune system so they are more prone to other diseases. Ventilation: It is defined as an exchange process of air between lungs and atmospheric air. This term is used in normal physiology of humans.
Sleeplessness results in hormonal changes that increase appetite and cravings for energy-dense foods. Lack of sleep also reduces the extent of growth. This is due, mainly, to reduced secretions of the cortisol hormone. It may also result in other problems such as reduced immunity and poor digestion. Reduced immunity, in turn, makes the person susceptible to a great number of diseases that weaken the body to a great extent and hence, the overall growth reduces.
Also mentioned, is the increased risk of localized hypothermia and risk for infection as wet gauze to the wound can cause vasoconstriction and in theory, also decrease leukocyte mobility and efficiency of phagocytes. Gauze fibers may also be retained in the wound bed further increasing risk of infection. Lastly, the author suggests that the use of wet to dry dressings are not cost effective since they are labor intensive, require secondary dressings to contain exudate, and usually require nursing care within the community. The article closes by saying that further research is needed to fully understand the impact that dressing selection has in wound healing but suggests that practitioners should question the continued use of wet to dry dressings. Currently, Greenville Hospital System’s policy for healing of wounds by second intention is best met with the use of wet to dry dressings.
The cardiovascular systems causes accumulation of fatty material in the heart muscle and arteries, and can contribute to high blood pressure. The respiratory system causes the lungs to have lower capacity for inhaling and exhaling air as the muscles that help to expand and contract the chest weakens. The digestive system weakens due to dietary practices and the aging process causing common problems like constipation. The genitourinary system causes urinary incontinence due to the decrease in the blood flow through kidney, and decreased efficiency to remove wastes from the blood as they age. The central nervous systems slower down the reaction time in elderly, and affects the perception and memory of elderly.