REVIEW QUESTIONS – Chapter 8 1. What different components of a person's perceptual screens may distort communication? Perceptual screens are composed of the personal factors each person brings to interpersonal communication, such as age, gender, values, beliefs, past experiences, cultural influences, and individual needs. Perceptual screens are the windows through which people interact with each other. These screens can influence both the communicator and the receivers quality, accuracy and clarity of the message.
If a member of the group fails to conform to the groups needs, he/she would lose credibility with the rest of the group. Conformity is a change in an individuals behaviour according to certain accepted standards within society as well as the influence of others whether this be a real or imaginary influence. There are 2 key concepts of conformity, acceptance or
Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Paper Matthew Orman BSHS/325 Mary Carlisle 03/30/2015 Human development is the biological, psychological, and social process that a human being must go through to reach full maturity. It defines who we are and how we interact with and view the environment around us. Understanding human development and how it affects an individual is an essential theme in human services. Understanding the bio-psycho-social dimensions of human development, having cultural competency, and comprehending the general systems theory and how it works are all important parts of being an effective human service professional. Human development consists of three dimensions: Biological, psychological and social development.
According to Ehrlich; ethnic attitudes and stereotypes are part of the social heritage of a society and no one can escape learning the prevailing attitudes and stereotypes assigned to the major ethnic groups. According to Devine, its argued that stereotypes and personal beliefs are conceptually distinct cognitive structure Each structure represents part of one’s entire knowledge base of a particular group. The dissociation of automatic and controlled processes may provide some theoretical leverage for understanding the role of stereotypes and personal beliefs in responses to members of racial or ethnic groups. According to Devine there is a strong evidence that stereotypes are well established in children’s memories before children develop the cognitive ability and flexibility to question or critically evaluate the stereotype’s validity or acceptability. As a result of this personal beliefs are necessarily newer cognitive structures.
Cultural Influences on Context: The Educational Setting Language, Culture, and Communication In this chapter the author Amber Laurin focuses on the importance and the influence that the educational setting has on intercultural interaction. The view of and approaches to education are valuable sources when it comes to culture. Different cultures have different approaches to formal learning and knowledge in general, and by studying them one can gain information about the background of people from those cultures. It is important to know, that however different cultures may seem, in their core they are very similar because they all share elements such as social structure, needs, and desires, thus their educational systems teach the same thing – culture and how it passes on from one generation to the other. Our culture shapes our education, and that is why instructors need to be aware of it and to try to be effective communicators, especially in multicultural environments such as ours.
Personality Development Paper University of Phoenix PSYCH 504 Dr. Donna February 04, 2013 Personality Development Paper Introduction There are several features which contribute to the development of the individual's personality. Many of these factors are adequately discussed in theories of personality development. As society continues to develop into a great melting pot, there is an increase need to research other contributing factors to the development of personalities; focus on cultural, gene-environment influence will be discussed in this paper. The studies of twin inheritability of personality, and the contributing factors over a period of time into adulthood will discussed as well. Lastly, the various personality models may be changed to justify for the differences in the personal, societal, and cultural will be discussed.
Cox and Beale (1997) suggest that diversity competency is “a process of learning that leads to an ability to effectively respond to the challenges and opportunities posed by the presence of social-cultural diversity in a defined social system” (p. 2). Chemers and Murphy (1995) contend that leaders of diverse work groups need to be sensitive to differences when they exist and find ways to reduce the negative impact of stereotypes. Furthermore, they argue that effective
He or she must comprehend the very characteristics that influence and drive any given societal practices and behaviors. According to Campbell (1981), all cultures consist of five basic distinctive attributes: learned, shared, symbol based, integrated, and dynamic. Biologically speaking, humans are born with instincts that drive their desires and defensive mechanisms, whereas the local culture is learned mostly through familial interaction and observation of life around them. To say that culture is shared is simplifying a broad subject. Nevertheless, it is shared in the sense that people from the same locality have the ability to interact appropriately with one another, although there can be slightly differing cultures within a particular geographical region.
The purpose of the following paper is to analyze, interpret and discuss individualism vs. collectivism and their significance in understanding cultural differences. Individualism vs. Collectivism In order to understand the different processes and roles that an individual goes through their life span development it is very important to understand what is the meaning of culture and how much does culture matters. Every human being reacts and behaves according to the environment in which is exposed through their life. People live in different societies and as a consequence their cultural perspective and psychological processes are different from others. From a multicultural psychological perspective individualism and collectivism are concepts that enclose essential differences in how the interactions between people and their roles in societies are build.
Multicultural Counseling Coretta Casley Webster University Multicultural Counseling The growing divergences as well as collaboration between peoples of different cultures, race and ethnicities, and the varying needs of such people based upon their cultural tendencies makes it important for counselors to gain an understanding and show respect towards people from different racial, ethnic, gender and sexual orientation. Cultural diversity is a phenomenon that has become an important element of human development and one of the defining features of life in the 21st century is the belief that as people interact across boundaries and borders become more fluid, an acknowledgement of the uniqueness of cultures will be an important part of all fields of life. Multicultural counseling or the idea of cultural diversity and its importance to the field of counseling can be understood from the fact that it is being considered as a fourth force of the counseling theory. Traditionally, the realm of counseling has encompassed “psychodynamic, humanistic/existential and behavioral counseling theories and methods" (LeBeauf, Smaby, Maddux, 2009, p. 34)) and in keeping with human development, multicultural counseling is increasingly being seen as an integral part of the counseling process. As an approach towards counseling, it is especially effective because it calls upon the counselor to understand the client and his or her problems based upon cultural beliefs.