B) permanent dipoles of molecules containing covalent bonds between atoms of very different electronegativities. C) the hydrophobic effect. D) ion pairing between oppositely charged functional groups. Answer: A Page Ref: Section 5 28) The aggregation of nonpolar molecules or groups in water is thermodynamically due to the A) increased entropy of the nonpolar molecules when they associate. B) decreased enthalpy of the system.
The streak plate technique is done to isolate a colony formed by a single cell from a mixture containing millions of cells. The streak plate technique was also used to obtain pure cultures of the bacteria using a trypticase soy agar (TSA) plate and was incubated at 37 ̊ for 48 hours. Secondly a Gram stain was performed as directed from exercise 6in the lab manual (Kleyn 37) and was found to be Gram negative Rods. The Gram stain is important to do because it reveals the morphology of the organism and the arrangement of the cells; if an organism appears purple under a microscope then it is said to be Gram positive, and if it
placed in a spectrophotometer. The data collected was used to view the growth of the bacteria and can be used to compare the growth of this E. coli strain to other E. coli strain, bacteria and the general bacterial growth curve. The data collected can make a template to possibly classify unknown bacteria. Not all bacteria replicate and grow at the same rate. Processes such as gram staining can be used in conjunction with monitoring the growth of a bacteria to further reinforce a hypothesis.
What kinds of clinical specimens may yield a mixed flora in bacterial cultures? Oral, Skin, or GI specimens 5. When more than one colony type appears in pure culture, what are the most likely sources of extraneous contamination? Individual colonies can be picked up on the inoculating loop, or straight wire and inoculated in to the fresh agar or brother media References Cowan, M. K. (2012). MICROBIOLOGY: A SYSTEMS APPROACH, THIRD EDITION.
Alpha hemolysis 3. Streptococcus pneumoniae are Gram-positive, lancet-shaped cocci (elongated cocci with a ... sensitive to bacitracin than other beta hemolytic streptococci. 4. the swelling of the capsule surrounding a microorganism after reaction with an antibody; the basis of certain tests for identifying microorganisms; "pneumococcus quellung" 5. capsules provide protection from viruses. they can be slippery to defend themselves from being eaten. Protects the bacteria from phagocytosis allowing the bacteria to stay in the body 6. pure culture 7.
Upon its discovery, HbA1c was proposed as a useful biomarker for diabetes monitoring (Koenig et al., 1976a, Koenig et al., 1976b), and endogenously produced AGEs attracted further scientific attention, beyond food chemistry, from fields including medical biochemistry and pathology. At this point it is important to highlight that there are two sources of AGEs: the endogenously produced AGEs, a product of the reaction between proteins and sugars in the circulation, and exogenous AGEs, produced during cooking and absorbed in the small intestine (~10%
The equations we used to calculate the frequency and concentration of the gel was: number of colonies/dilution factor = concentration cells μl. Frequency = number of bacteria/total number of bacteria.
Flagellum is a crucial characteristic to the motility and colonization of Proteus mirabilis.it is also linked to the ability of this bacteria to form biofilms, assisting in the bacteria’s resistance to the host defenses and selecting antibiotics .It also acts as a surface sensor. P. mirabilis is a peritrichious flagellated bacterium .which gave it the ability for swarming motility. ( Armbruster and Mobely.2012; Belas and Suvanasuthi.2005). (32,124) These flagella form a bundle that propels the cells forward on the surrounding fluid(Tuson et al.,2013)(128) Proteus mirabilis elevates its flagellar number, from fewer than (10 to up to 5,000), and its length from (1 to 2 m )to (20 to 80 m), over differentiation from the swimmer to the swarmer cell type (McCarter,2010)(126) Adhesins fimbriae 1.4.1.2- Fimbriae are appendages on the bacterial surface which is used for adherence (Morgenstein.2011) (129), consisting of a polymer of a single polypeptide subunit interspersed with adhesive proteins. The fimbriae are arranged around the bacterial cell in a peritrichous form (Rocha et al.,2007)(130).
High concentrations of sulfur dioxide can result in breathing problems with asthmatic children and adults who are active outdoors. With longer term exposure could include respiratory illness, alterations in the lungs defenses, and aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease. Sulfur dioxide is a precursor of acid rain, which has acidified soils, lakes and streams, accelerated corrosion of buildings and monuments, and reduced visibility which effect the environment. Nitrogen oxide is a group of gases made up of different oxygen and nitrogen. Major sources of nitrogen oxide include fuel combustion in power plants and automobiles and processes used in chemical plants.
During the mid 90s they positioned themselves as a specialty enzyme company. In 1996 they leveraged their technology platform in fermentation to enter biopharmaceuticals. They entered biopharmaceuticals market as manufacturers of generic drugs especially small molecules like statins. Following success of small molecules, Biocon sought to diversify and leveraged its expertise of fermentation process to enter the large molecules market especially Insulin. Biocon then decided to develop proprietary drugs.