Effect of Venturicidin on Oxygen Evolution Venturicidin is a powerful inhibitor of the chloroplast ATP synthase, interacting with the CFo part of the enzyme and blocking proton passage through the CFoCF1 complex. How would venturicidin affect oxygen evolution in a suspension of well-illuminated chloroplasts? Would your answer change if the experiment were done in the presence of an uncoupling reagent such as 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)? Explain. Answer Oxygen evolution requires continuing passage of electrons through PSII.
The bromine is acting first like an electrophile, and then after bromine has broken the π bond, a carbocation has formed, and a bromide ion has been created, the bromide ion then acts as the nucleophile and forms a bond with the carbocation. This experiment uses bromination, the specific name of halogenation with bromine. In order to for bromination to occur bromine must first be generated. This is done in situ through the oxidation of glacid acetic acid and puridinum bromide perbromide. Once generation is accomplished the available bromine can be brominated.
affect the enzyme activity, to get enzymes working there should be proper ph. to avoid denaturing of enzymes, changes in pH alters ionization of charged amino acids. In an experiment to determine the pH range over which the enzyme catechol oxidase is able to catalyze its substrate, this will also help determine the optimum pH in which enzymes work best. Materials • 7 test tubes • Test tube rack • Metric ruler • China marker • Wash bottle containing 1%
This can be either permanent or temporary depending on the type of inhibitor. A competitive inhibitor will fight the substrate for the active site, but this is temporary. A noncompetitive inhibitor with attach to a different portion of the enzyme changing the active site permanently. The last two characteristics of enzyme catalyst or steps in the reaction cycle is the release of an end product and the enzymes ability to be recycled to start the process all over. (Wolfe, 2000) Sucrose also known as table sugar breaks down to glucose and fructose naturally by the body.
This is an indicatore because sucrase is an enzyme found in the small intestine that catalyzes the splitting of the disaccharide sucrose into the monosaccharides glucos and fructose. The amount of product produced indicate the level of sucrase activity that occured. 5. Explain why denatured sucrase was used as a control. Denatured sucrase was used as a control because denatured enzymes, in this case sucrase, lose their shape and can potentially lose their ability to catalyze a chemical reaction.
The net reaction is: This reaction has been studied extensively and occurs for a wide variety of ketones. In general, the halogenations of a ketone can be represented as follow: The main evidence for any mechanism is provided by kinetic studies to determine an experimental rate law. Following the rate law of chemical kinetics, the differential rate equation for the reaction could be written as follow: Where k = rate constant; a, b,c are the orders of the reaction of S, I3-, and H+ respectively. I3- ion is the only coloured species in the reaction mixture, a spectrophotometer can is used to measure the change in its concentration, by applying the Beer-Lambert Law Where A= absorbance, ε= molar absorption coefficient, [I3-]= concentration and /= optical path length, that is, the distance travelled by the light through the solution. The ideal wavelength for the measurement of
It may also be a sign of normal aging or a hallmark of pathologic processes [79-82]. The peroxynitrite anion (ONOO―) is a highly reactive molecule [83-86] and has low diffusion distance in biological tissue [87]. The most prominent analyzing marker for protein oxidation is carbonyl contents of proteins [88-91]. Carbonyl appears (C=O) as a consequence of oxidative modification of the side chains of lysine, proline, arginine and threonine [92]. Determination of protein C=O groups as biomarker of oxidative stress has advantages over measurement of other oxidative.
This is the molecule which makes photosynthesis possible, by passing its energized electrons on to molecules which will manufacture sugars. All plants, algae, and cyanobacteria which photosynthesize contain chlorophyll "a". A second kind of chlorophyll is chlorophyll "b", which occurs only in “green algae” and in the plants. Bibliography: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html Conclusion: I learned various things from this lab. For instance, I learned how pigments absorbed strongly move slowly and pigments absorbed weakly move the fastest.
In leaves, photosynthesis involves the photolysis of water, a process that involves the attachment of two electrons to a magnesium ion in chlorophyll and the production of hydrogen ions from the breakdown of water. Together with the electrons, the hydrogen ions are used to reduce NADP in the light-dependent reaction in the thylakoid. The hydrogen
spots corresponding phospholipids may be carbonized by the addition of phosphomolybdic acid, sulfuric acid or copper sulfate in phosphoric acid, and then heating of the sample. The result charred spots can be scraped off the plate and measured by densitometry. In order to visualize the spots without charring, solutions such as rhodamine 6G or berberine can be used for UV-detection. iodine vapor is commonly used; but it does not work well with lipids which do not contain double bonds (Hoving,