Anaerobic Digestion is broken down in 4 steps. These four steps are Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesi and Methanogenesis. The first stage is hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a process used to break down larger polymers in the presence of water, and often of an acidic catalyst. This is a very essential part of hydrolysis as biomass consists of very large organic molecules and for this process to work efficiently we must break the large particles down into smaller particles.
What is the Biological Significance of Water? Water plays a fundamental role in life because it is a major component of all cells, forming between 70 – 95% of their mass. It also provides an environment for aquatic organisms. Its molecules have an imbalance of charge (dipolar), which generates hydrogen bonding between them. Water is an excellent solvent for ions and polar molecules (molecules with an uneven charge) because the water molecules are attracted to them, collect around them and separate them, so that they dissolve.
Once these two components come together, certain chemical bonds within the substrate molecule change much as a lock is released, and just like the key in this illustration, the enzyme is free to execute its duty once again. Many chemical reactions do proceed but at such a slow rate that their progress would seem to be imperceptible at normally encountered environmental temperature. Consider for example, the oxidation of glucose or other sugars to useable energy by animals and plants. For a living organism to derive heat and other energy from sugar, the sugar must be oxidized (combined with oxygen) or metabolically "burned" However, in a living system, the oxidation of sugar must meet an additional condition; that oxidation of sugar must proceed essentially at normal body temperature. Obviously, sugar surrounded by sufficient oxygen would not oxidize very rapidly at this temperature.
In an enzyme-catalyst reaction, the substrate binds to the active site and forms an enzyme-substrate complete with the enzyme. (Heller, H. Craig., Gordon H. Orians, William K. Purves, and David Sadava).The enzyme then breaks the bonds in the structure of the substrate. The products of the reaction then leave the enzyme which remains unchanged after the reaction. The enzyme of this experiment was the yeast Peroxidase and the substrate of the experiment was hydrogen peroxide which was diluted by water.
Protein channels allow molecules that are too big to pass through the carrier proteins to enter in and out the cell via a tube shaped molecule via diffusion which requires a concentration gradient but then sometimes the molecules are too big to go through and therefore undergo facilitated diffusion, however carrier proteins only allow certain molecules with a complementary shape to the binding site of the carrier protein to enter using ATP as the main sources of energy. Substrate (molecule to move across the
Membranes have many different functions, with the most prominent being in eukaryotic cells, due to the fact that they have membrane bound organelles, however, prokaryotes also have membranes with specific functions, which I will come onto later on, all of which are partially permeable. Membranes are phospholipid bilayers, whereby they are similar to triglycerides due to having 3 fatty acids, however, the bilayer replaces on of the fatty acids with a phosphate group, which is polar, thus when placed in water it becomes hydrophilic, moving away from the water, thus forming a bilayer. This is known as a micelle. Across the membrane there are intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Extrinsic proteins can join with carbohydrates to form glycocalyx, which allows for cell communication, as well as for recognition of own cells in order to prevent an auto-immune response.
5. Describe how temperature and pH affect sucrase activity. Introduction Enzymes are usually protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. A catalyst greatly increases the speed of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy necessary to get the reaction started without itself being altered or consumed. On the surface of the enzyme is an active site that temporarily binds the reactants or substrates forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
Digestive enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes. Their substances, or the molecules on which they act are organic food molecules which they breakdown by adding water to the molecular bonds, thus cleaving the bonds between the subunits or monomers. Digestive enzymes can function outside the body cells; their activity can be studied by test tubes (Marieb and Mitchell 2010). This experiment attempts to re-create the breakdown process that is normally done via digestion with Iodine as a vital component. It can be expected that once amylase reacts with the starch, maltose will then be broken down and less starch will be visible and more sugar will be apparent thus causing the solution mixed with iodine to become lighter and lighter.
There are basically two types of MEC. When an organic solvent is used as a mobile phase, it is called gel permeation chromatography. When an aqueous solution is used to transport the sample through the column, the technique is known as gel-filtration chromatography. Principle: MEC uses a stationary phase of porous particles to separate molecules of different sizes. Particles prepared from organic polymers have traditionally been the most widely used packing materials for molecular-exclusion chromatography (MEC) The MEC column is packed with porous material, such as polyacrylamide and sephadex.
When these factors vary, enzymes may change in shape so it will not be able to bond to the specific substance anymore. What is trypsin? Trypsin is produced in the pancreas as typsinogen originally allowing metabolic control. It is used widely in various biotechnological processes because it is very easy to be purified. Method: Material: • Trypsin • Casein • Water bath (to keep the temperature constant) • Colorimeter (to measure the rate of enzyme activity) • Thermometer • Test Tubes (to contain the casein and the buffer solution) • Stop watch (to control and measure the time) • Distilled water (to mix with trypsin to produce the buffer solution) • Test tube rack (to prevent the tubes rolling and smashing) Protocol: • Put 2.5 cm³ of 5% with reconstituted casein in 6 of the test