Though in other cultures the body and mind co-exist, and an understanding of the body and mental state are looked at together. The world health organisation had defined health as “A complete state of physical, mental and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Some critiques argue that this definition is too idealistic and including the word complete means people can not remain in this state for any length of time (Awofeso,2005). When looking at the definitions of health, sociologists have discovered four areas that influence the lay persons opinion of what health is. A persons age is one of these influencing factors, as we get older we accept that our body’s will experience physical discomfort and we become limited in what physical functions we perform.
Pros and Cons of Managed Care PROs | CONs | Managed care is a set of techniques designed to make the providers of health care more accountable for the quality of the health care they delivered. | Premiums for private health insurance are getting costly. | Often negotiate lower rates for basic healthcare procedures with physicians, labs and various types of healthcare facilities. | Members may not be fully satisfied with the care that is given by a primary care physician and would want to consult with another who is not included in the network. | Many health insurance plans operate with the use of a wide range of physicians and specialists who are connected with the insurance provider network.
Germov (p. 12) makes mention of the model’s “reductionism”, which operates by reducing its focus to the biological, cellular, and genetic levels, and Doyal (p. 245) also draws attention to the limited “conceptual schema” that doctors and some other health care providers use to understand “complex human phenomena”, her implication being that human health has a significant non-physical dimension. The recognition that social factors can physically affect and otherwise serve to shape and inform notions of health and illness has over time given rise to an explicitly social model of health. Engels (in Germov, p. 8) posited a causal link between poor working conditions in mines and the “black lung” disease in the nineteenth-century, and McKeown (in Germov, pp. 13-14) and Marmot (2005, p. 1101) have more recently argued that even ostensibly individual causal health factors to large extent have a social basis. Turner (p. 235) writes that the basic position in the present sociological approach to illness is to see it as fundamentally a social state of affairs, which amounts to not narrowly defining it as a biological and individual phenomenon, and Germov (p. 4) importantly adds that the social model of health does not
Introductory Awareness of Models of Disability Describe the medical model of disability: This model view disability as a ‘problem’ to only the individual with the disability and not to any other. Describe the social model of disability: This views society as the disabling factor, by designing things to suit the needs of the majority, rather than the needs of disabled people. Outline how each of the models has developed and evolved over time Medical model: This model has developed a lot over time. Rather than care being institutional orientated, many people are now in community based care settings, allowing them to feel included as a valuable part of society. Society has changed to view the strengths of individuals with disabilities, rather
The Bio-medical model has several assumptions that are accurate; it defines health as a biological normality it also believes that illnesses and disease are caused by an identifiable factor such as a faulty gene or virus. The model believes that illness is a temporary condition producing a physical symptom and that it should be identified and classified by a medical official not a non-expert. It is common for the experts that follow the bio-medical model to focus solely on diagnosing the symptoms of their patient leaving no room for dispute between the doctor and the patient. Illness and disease has cures and treatments usually from removing the cause, medicine is seen as the way to solve health problems, and the health of society is seen as dependant on the state of medical knowledge and the availability of medical resources. The main strengths of the bio-medical model is that it stresses the importance of trying to find the cause of illness and disease; there is a wealth of evidence that support the bio-medical approach, including successful operations, cancer screenings and immunisation programmes.
The BSP is somewhat different from the biomedical model which Doctors in medicine uses as this kind of treatment model focuses more on the physical process as the pathology or the origin of the disease, its biochemistry and its physiological aspects (Wampold, B. (2001). The biomedical model only explains the biological aspect without involving the psychological and social background. Psychological and social aspects are important in determining that the diseases and illness are occurring without effect on both process and outcome of the treatment. Psychological aspect of it plays an important role in determining the prognosis of an individual with disease regardless of the severity of their medical diagnosis (J. W. Drisko and M. D. Grady, 2012).
It is also important to recognise that the concept of health is relative. A person’s view of what is ‘normal’ health is influenced by factors such as their gender, social class, ethnicity or age (Haralambos M, Heald R, O’ Gorman J and Smith F, 1996). The social model of health suggest that indivual and community health results from structural and cultural influences affecting ethnic minorities, women, the elderly and other particular groups of people. This relative view of health focuses on the barriers and difficulties which prevent the ‘ill’ or ‘disabled’ from having access to health and ‘normality’, as this interpretation of ‘health’ takes into consideration the wider social pressures of
The stigma a mental health issues often keep the mentally ill from seeking treatment for their illnesses. Those who are overweight in the United States of America are often discriminated against sometime is overt comments and sometimes blatantly by the public and by health care workers. It is the health care system manager’s jobs to seek out this discrimination and train staff to act according to the ethical demands of health care workers to provided equal care to all patients. The "Is National Health Insurance Socialized Medicine?” (2011) website “rationing in U.S. health care is based on income: if you can afford care, you get it; if you can’t, you don’t. A recent study by the prestigious Institute of Medicine found that 18,000 Americans die every year because they don’t have health insurance.” The ability of an individual to pay for the services available has made the receipt of care a precarious situation correction is as simple as correcting accounting principles to decrease the amount of health care dollars spent in the administrative department to help the money go further and offer services to those who are unable to pay from them.
The Western scientific approach to medicine bases on these main features, focusing on the abnormalities in the body, biological factors explain the illness, it examines the cause of ill health through observations and tests, trained health professionals are the ones able to identify and treat the illness, emphasising different treatments medications and other interventions. Health care environments are appropriate places to undergo treatments and the model specifically states that illness is regarded as a temporary condition which can be reversed by the intervention of medical expertise. The bio medical model relates to the functionalist approach of health as it specifies that health is the absences of disease and it’s regarded as dysfunctional for the society as individuals cannot make positive contribution to the running of society. The model does not consider the social and environmental factors of ill health but relays on the scientifically methods to address and diagnose the illness if the illness cannot be diagnosed the individual would be labelled as malingering meaning one will be pretending to be ill for
This model also emphasises that the help and intervention of professionals is needed in times of illness or disease. This biomedical model states that the main purpose of the health and social care services is to cure people of diseases, get them back to a healthy state and that the professionals will use scientifically tested means and methods to assess the disease and illness and diagnose the individual correctly and