M1: Assess two different psychological approaches to study. In this assignment I will be assessing two different psychological approaches. The two theories I will be comparing and assessing are the biological and social learning theory. I will identify them and than explain there similarity and differences. Social learning theory comes from the idea that human beings ability to learn new behaviours by the way we see that certain individual perform that behaviour.
What is ‘Attributional’ therapy in your own words (5) 1 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is a form of psychotherapy developed from a combination of cognitive therapy and behavioural therapy. The aim of CBT is to change unhealthy/faulty thinking and behaviours. The approach is based on the idea that our thoughts cause our feelings and the resulting behaviours rather than external events. By identifying and challenging unhealthy or faulty thinking patterns and beliefs the thinking patterns can be replaced by more rational and healthy alternatives. 2 CBT can be used with many different problem areas including depression, anxiety, anger and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).
It assumes that human problems come from operating on faulty, irrational beliefs. Some of these beliefs are conscious but many are not. Behavior Theory suggests that human actions are the results of what we have learned or been conditioned to do and that when these actions are reinforced consistently, by either reward or punishment, they become the basis of functioning in our lives. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy recognizes that thoughts and behaviors are connected and addresses both in its model. CBT is a problem-solving/task-centered approach which recognizes and challenges illogical and faulty beliefs in an effort to change negative or destructive behavior.
Cognitive: Mental processes and skills are analyzed with this perspective. Problem solving, creativity and memory are some of the key elements of Cognitive. Neuroscientific/Biopsychological: The study of the biological reactions the brain makes towards being psychoanalyzed in any perspective. What makes a brain happy or sad and correcting it. Sociocultural: Studying how people act, react and are influenced by social stigmas.
Skinner – Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.
In 1941 N.E Miller and associate J. Dollard proposed that one could learn a behavior by observing that behavior in others. They called this theory social learning. The social learning theory of Miller and Dollard also stated that “by imitating these observed actions the individual observer would solidify that learned action and would be rewarded with positive reinforcement.”(Green) Loosely translated this means that if we ape the actions of those around us they will reward us for such actions. In 1954 Julian Rotter broke away from the then popular instinct based psychoanalysis and drive based behaviorism theories. Rotter believed that a psychological theory should have a psychological motivational principal, and that people were motivated to seek out positive reinforcement or stimulus and to avoid the negative of either.
For example, one psychologist may use descriptive psychopathology to which will strive to provide answers for symptoms or mental illness. Either way, psychopathology is formally used to study mental illness or the distresses which may be affecting an individual. The issues of the abnormal psychology will assist in the study by the way we would use it in the attempt to capture interest, trigger concerns, and demands our attention. It also brings us to form and ask certain questions pertaining to any study. Psychopathology is not the same as psychopathy, which has to do with antisocial
Unit 8: P2: Explain different psychological approaches to health and social care practice This assignment will be explaining different psychological approaches to both health and social care practices Behaviorist They are two main types of conditioning this include classical which has to do with repeating and operant conditioning which has to do with positive and negative reinforcement of skinners theory. (More information can be found in unit 8 p1 and unit 6 p1) The behaviorist theory is mostly applied to children because in order for children to learn when they are growing up the parents would need to use the skinners theory of positive and negative reinforcement. For example if a child is doing an activity the teacher might once in a while practice reflective listening by saying ‘well done, you are doing a good job, here is a sweetie for you’ This encourages the child to work harder and wanting to participate more in the activity in order to get the positive reaction from the teacher. In the nursery, if a child for example was running or causing a danger to the other children the teacher would use a firm voice and tell the child ‘stop…that is not how to behave, five minutes from your playtime’ according to the behaviorist this is a positive reinforcement. Behaviourist is a theory of learning what believes that learning is learnt through conditioning.
The Psychodynamic Perspective The school of psychodynamics focuses on the interplay of the mental forces. It is said that humans have can have unconscious motives that underlie their true intentions. It is also said that the foundations of what was discovered rests on the evidence that people could be aware of their subconscious motivations while processing the things that affect their conscious thoughts that are related to their feelings, behaviors and intentions. Scientific studies show that psychodynamic perspective can reveal as to why a person’s actions are brought on by thoughts and feelings that would cause a reaction or a response in different situations. This school of study ultimately depends on the methods of the case studies that are performed to provide the necessary information that will clearly show them the evidence based on motivations.
Next is the social cognitive theory, created by Albert Bandura. The cognitive social theory is the belief that people are flexible enough to learn from behaviors, people can regulate their own lives, people can control the nature and quality of their own lives, people can control their own behavior through external and internal factors, and when people are morally misunderstood they try to blame someone else or not take responsibility for the action or behavior (Feist & Feist, p. 478). The final theory is the cognitive social learning theory by Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel. Their theory is the belief that cognitive factors influence the way people respond to environmental forces (Feist & Feist, p.