Skinner – Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.
flush any skin and eyes for 20min in water. Isopropyl Alcohol- highly flammable liquid, water miscible. Isolate area for at least 100 meters. Use alcohol resistant foam to extinguish any fire and eliminate any ignition sources for a spill. first aide- move victim to fresh air, administer o2, remove all contaminated clothing, if in contact with eyes flush for 20min and wash the skin with soap and water.
Followed by two different types of learning, instrumental, and classical. Finally, we will conclude with the relationship between cognition and learning. When someone usually explains what learning is, the answer usually is described as the way to gather information, we way a person comprehends, or master’s something from experience or by his or her studies. Psychologist think that the common definition is vague and does not fully define the findings of scientist and observable behavior (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Learning is used to assist in the process of adapting to his or her environment (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013).
It assumes that human problems come from operating on faulty, irrational beliefs. Some of these beliefs are conscious but many are not. Behavior Theory suggests that human actions are the results of what we have learned or been conditioned to do and that when these actions are reinforced consistently, by either reward or punishment, they become the basis of functioning in our lives. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy recognizes that thoughts and behaviors are connected and addresses both in its model. CBT is a problem-solving/task-centered approach which recognizes and challenges illogical and faulty beliefs in an effort to change negative or destructive behavior.
Social learning theory suggests that aggression is learnt, by observing others acting aggressively. For the social learning theory an individual would observe a model and try to recreate the models behavior who has repeatedly been reinforced. Before the individual can reinact the aggressive behavior they must form mental representations of it in their mind and commit these to memory. The individual will learn what acts would be rewarded and what acts would be punished and commit this to memory. They must then enable how they will enact these behaviours in their mind and believe that they have a similar ability to the model to be able to have the same effect as the model.
UGC NET - PSYCHOLOGY PAPER II – UNIT 2 Instrumental Learning Operant conditioning - Introducation • Other names: instrumental learning or instrumental conditioning. • It is the study of how behavior is affected by its consequences. • Defn: Operant conditioning explains how voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened depending on positive or negative consequences. • In classical conditioning the original behavior is a natural biological response. • On the contrary, operant conditioning is applied on the behaviors that are voluntary.
Why it is a good strategy to use to address phobias? Classical conditioning is a learning method that happens when two stimuli are continually paired; a response that is at first triggered by the second stimulus is eventually triggered by the first stimulus only. Operant conditioning is a behavioral theory based on the effects of consequences on behavior. They only affect future behavior. It also selects any behavior and it occurs automatically (Cooper et al, 2007).
However, Adam’s theory was based on closed loop control and Schmidt’s theory was based on open loop control. In Adam’s theory, recognition is defined as a perpetual trace that controls the response updates during the response. The second part of Adam’s theory is recall which he refers to as memory trace. It is necessary to have memory trace to initiate the response produced feedback. • In Schmidt’s theory, recall is simply referred to as a recall schema which initiates the response and carries it out.
Outline the behavioural approach Abnormality according to the behavioural approach is viewed as the development of behaviour patterns that can both either adaptive or maladaptive. It suggests that there are three main ways in which learning can take place these are: classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning or modelling. Classical Conditioning The first method, classical conditioning is when a person learns to associate a stimulus with a response, so this states that learning occurs through association. An example of this is the ‘Little Albert’ study by Watson and Raynor that took place in 1920, the aims of the study, in this example little Albert learnt to associate the noise the steel bar made (neutral response) with the toy white rat (unconditioned stimulus) that Albert had an interest in (unconditioned response) which led to the conditioned response of baby Albert crying and a fear of the rat (conditioned stimulus). The crying and fear of the white rat occurred as soon as the steel metal bar was struck behind Albert’s head, due to being frightened.
(The part I bolded was the main part I wanted to use from this TCO. A big part of changing my behavior was REVISING the steps I used to take in a situation, to the steps I SHOULD be taking in a situation to strengthen my clarity and reduce uncertainty. TCO 5: Given an oral communication situation in which communication is misinterpreted, demonstrate the power of non-verbal communication by applying strategies to improve clarity through non-verbal means. Another thing one of my models unintentionally pointed out to me was how important non-verbal communication is. I noticed that when I shut down during a disagreement or conversation I would cross my arms and give much less eye contact.