Bacterial Membrane Functions

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The Bacterial Cell Wall MODULE 06763 Semester 2 Department of Chemistry University of Hull Dr A.N. Boa a.n.boa@hull.ac.uk Room C301 1 THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL 1. Introduction 2. Bacteria Morphology and Ultrastructure Gram Staining 3. The Bacterial Cell Wall Overview and Major Components 4. Peptidoglycan Structure and Function 5. Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycan 6. The Outer Membrane of Gram Negative Bacteria as a Resistance Factor 7. Lipopolysaccharide Structure and Function Acknowledgement: These lecture notes, including figures and schemes, were originally prepared by Professor S.G. Wilkinson. They have been liberally “plagiarised” and modified with permission since I took over the course. Introduction Why study bacterial cells? Many are pathogenic, that is to say agents of disease in man, animals and plants. Although chemotherapy has been spectacularly successful, i.e. the era of antibiotics, however the 'final solution' is not yet here because of: 'new' infectious agents, e.g. Legionella pneumophila, Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi resurgent pathogens, e.g. multidrug resistance, e.g Mycobacterium tuberculosis [still the prime killer, ~3 x 106 deaths per annum] - 'Superbugs' such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium, opportunist Gram-negative pathogens [hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections] (from nosocomium late Latin for hospital) The emergence of many antibiotic-resistant strains of once-sensitive bacteria is a major theme of current research and scientific literature, and is regularly publicised in the media. Aims of the course: Review the molecules and structures of the cell envelope of bacterial cells and describe the roles played by each of the major components. Discuss briefly the features and structures of the cell well that are targets for current drugs and those which offer new targets for

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