Bowlby argued that attachment was an "evolved mechanism;" an innate response that ensured the survival of the child. Bowlby argued that the first attachment between a baby and its caregiver provided the child with an internal working model. This is referred to as the continuity hypothesis and it gives the child an idea of themselves as lovable (or not) and of other people as trustworthy (or not.) Bowlby suggested the idea of monotropy in his attachment theory; the idea that an attachment to a single caregiver provides the experience of an intense emotional relationship and forms the basis of the internal working model; it is the schema a child has for forming future relationships, both socially and personally. He also described social releasers; sucking, smiling, crying and cuddling.
John Bowlby (1907-1990) introduced modern day psychology to the importance of mother-infant relationships and their dynamics. Bowlby was trained as a psychoanalyst and studied a myriad of concepts from ethology, cybernetics, developmental psychology and cognition all leading him to the formulation of his attachment theory. This theory was sparked from Bowlby’s report on the mental health of homeless children in postwar Europe. Bowlby extensively reviewed then-current material on institutionalized children separated from parents and concluded that in order for a mentally healthy adulthood, “ the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his mother in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment” (Bowlby, 1969). With this information, Bowlby realized that the current explanation from Freud that infants love their mother because of oral gratification was wrong.
Nurturing stage: Birth to 18-24 Months or Autonomy- The major task at this stage is forming bonds of attachment with the baby. Parents attempt to meet the needs of the baby and balance this with other responsibilities involving spouse, jobs, and friends. Authoritative stage: Two to four or five years- Parents nurture, guide, and discipline their child. Parents evaluate their effectiveness in establishing limits, communicating and enforcing rules, and allowing enough freedom for each child to grow and develop. Interpretive Stage: Preschool Years through Adolescence- Parents teach their child about life and help him or her interpret the actions of others such as their teachers and peers.
Attachment allows the child to learn trust and feel secure with the person they are bonding with, this is important in how they form relationships with others. Also the child is likely to develop strong self- esteem as they grow older. If the care giver makes the child feel secure and happy the child is more likely to develop a similar personality and a strong feeling of self worth. John Bowlby (1969) defined attachment as “a lasting connectedness between two human beings” (Http://www.simplypsychology.org/attachment.html) Attachment overall, is the foundations set by the caregiver or adult that can contribute to the child growing up knowing how to be caring and loving towards others as they mature. Sociability starts from birth and is the ability to be sociable and form relationships with others.
A bond that joins them together and withstands the test of time”. (Ainsworth, 1969) What is attachment and how does its many manifestations affect the well-being and psychological development of a child? Psychological evaluation of a child’s development is key to understanding the influence attachment may have and it is important to examine its many faces; from deprivation to separation. There have been many studies that investigate the role paternal deprivation plays and how it impact’s a child’s ability to create and maintain relationships and to become well-adjusted and developed as they grow older. In 1946 Spitz and Wolf undertook such a project, studying children in orphanages who had not formed attachments with a care giver or their parents before they entered the institution.
I need to include a definition and examples of communication and language development. Select two theoretical perspective which relate to the chosen areas of development I choose Adam Et Al who studied the theories of transition and how children’s behaviour could change when moving from nursery to school or even school to further education. The other theorist I am going to look at is Maria Montessori for example how she believed and had child sized furniture in her nurseries. I can explain how different theorists believed that children developed and learned in different ways for example
language and socialisation) Explain the course of development according to these descriptions That is, a theory must account for the transitions from one point in development to another and must identify causal variables affecting transition * Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment. # * Reading Chp 6 Boyd & Bee, (2009) PLAN Initial outline of essay Bowlby’s attachment theory was initially developed and then revdeveoped in ollboration with Mary Ainsworth (1969) using their Ganda study The contribution of attachment theory to the social and emotional development of children is critical in assessing the healthy and secure attachment of children to their mother, first and foremost, then, as the child develops through 54 weeks and 2-3 years old – that they begin to relate positively to key carers that play an integral and familiar role in their life. These relationships play a role and can, if the child has had an unstable home and parental environment during their early development, affect detrimentally their ability to form new bonds as adolecscents and possibly adults. However, a child raised in a stable and emotionally secure environment, will develop secure and
The two children were in foster care. Parenting classes and drug test were taking by the parents. A DCF spokeswoman recommended that the children be placed back in custody of the parents. The father visited their two children and after a couple of months the children were giving back the father. Osman Irias and the two children moved in with Osman Irias's uncle in April of 2012 because he was struggling to pay rent.
In 1972, Ainsworth came up with the concept of the ‘strange situation’. She wanted to produce a method for assessing the quality of an attachment between an infant and their mother by placing the infant in a situation of mild stress to encourage the infant to seek comfort, and novelty to encourage them to explore (exploration behaviour). This tests separation anxiety and stranger anxiety as well as investigates the secure base concept which is when the mother provides the child with a secure base from which to explore the surrounding environment. About 100 middle-class American infants and their mothers took part in this study. Infants were observed with their mothers during a set of activities.
Compare and Contrast Essay Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on September 1st, 2013, for Sharon Ballentine’s G124/ENC1101 English Composition course. Compare and Contrast Essay In the U.S., 58% of mothers with children younger than 6 years of age are in the labor force and 85% of these children are in nonparental care arrangements. In a nationwide survey of parents whose children attend early childhood programs, parents’ primary concern was about their children’s health and safety (Alkon/Cole, April 2011, pg. 556) When a parent decides to go back to work after having a child, there are some important decisions to make. How long are you going to work and whom will you have watch your child.