There are two parts to this ligament; superior and inferior. Superior acromioclavicular ligament this ligament is a quadrilateral band, covering the superior part of the articulation, and extending between the upper part of the lateral end of the clavicle and the adjoining part of the upper surface of the acromion. Inferior Acromioclavicular Ligament This ligament is somewhat thinner than the preceding, it covers the under part of the articulation, and is attached to the adjoining surfaces of the two bones. The coracoacromial ligament runs from the coracoid process and the acromion. The coracoacromial ligament is a strong triangular band, extending between the coracoid process and the acromion.
What is a Ligament and how does it work? Ligament is a tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone or bone to cartilage and supports and strengthens joints. The main functions of ligaments are to keep the bones of the skeleton in a suitable alignment and prevent abnormal movements of the joints. What is a Tendon and how does it work? A tendon is tissue that connects muscles to bones.
The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone. Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the Caninus. The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head, arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip. Its main function is to elevate the upper lip. Effect on complete denture On maximum contraction of the Quadratus Labii superior the upper lip is pulled upward raising the upper lip dragging the labial gingivomucosal sulcus superiorly.
The main action of the foot is to assist in shock absorption and propel the body across the plane. OKC and CKC are vital in the assessment of both structural and functional characteristics of the foot. In close evaluation of Cameron’s functional and structural foot type the following clinically significant findings were known; Talar head palpation traverse for the rearfoot, frontal inversion of the calcaneus, traverse bulge of the forefoot in the region of the TNJ, flexible range of motion, subtalar joint (STJ), flexible first ray range of motion, loose mid tarsal joint (MTJ), and forefoot valgus due to size being small. A functional deformity can be seen in an open kinetic chain (OKC), non-weight bearing position, rather than a structural deformity. On assessment of Cameron’s OKC results it was determined that his STJ assessment indicated a loose quality of motion bilaterally due to his being hypermobile.
The articular capsule has two layers: -Fibrous capsule: the outer layer - Synovial membrane: the inner layer that secretes synovial fluid which lubricates to reduce friction. The surface of the knee joint, the patella lies within the joint capsule and has an important function which is to reduce friction during extension and to protect the knee joint. The muscles that facilitate the movement of the synovial joints are skeletal muscles. The muscles that move the knee joint are called quadriceps and hamstring. When the agonist which is the contracting muscle which, in this case is the quadriceps, it allows flexion of the knee joint while the antagonist which will be the hamstring, is the relaxed
4. Two joints in the knee a. tibiofemoral joint, which joins the tibia to the femur b. the patellofemoral joint which joins the kneecap to the femur c. two joints work together to form a modified hinge joint that not allows the knee to bend and straighten, but also to rotate slightly and from side to side. B. Structure of the Knee 1. bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilages and a joint capsule, all of which are made of collagen. C. Bones of the Knee 1. give strength, stability and flexibility in the knee 2.
A – Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics of Different Joints: Talorcrural Joint consists of the ligaments and muscles along with the distal tibia, medial malleolus and lateral malleolus which helps to structure a hinge joint and thus articulate on the talus.¹ Talus is the major weightbearer connecting the lower extremities to foot and allows for plantarflexion and dorsiflexion. ² However, the Subtalar Joint (STJ) comprises of the articulation between the talus and calcaneus and thus allow for pronation and supination of one’s feet. When pressure is established on STJ, it allows one to rotate their legs (extension and flexion on knees). These movements create profound reactions on one’s lower extremities leading to compensation. ³ Midtarsal
The hoof’s main purpose is to absorb the energy from concussion and to provide grip on different terrains. They are elastic and very tough, the thickness can vary from 6mm to 12mm.The walls are made up of three distinct layers, the pigmented, water line and the white line. The pigmented layer is generated by the coronet, and its colour is the same as the skin of the coronet by which it is made. If the coronet skin has any dark patches, the hoof wall will show a parallel pigment line, from the coronet down to the toe, which in turn will show the wall’s growth direction. This layer has a mainly protective role, however, it is not as resistant to ground contact, which may cause it to break and flake away.
Lever; almost always the bone Fulcrum; the pivot point of the lever in which is usually the joint. Muscle force; the force that drives the opposite ends of the muscles together. Resistive force; the force generated by a factor to the external body Torque; the degree in which a force tends to rotate an object. http://www.answers.com/topic/first-class-lever http://www.answers.com/topic/first-class-lever There are three different types of levers in the body; First-class, Second-class and Third-class. First-class; when the muscle force and resistive force is on different sides of the fulcrum e.g.
There are several terms that describe different areas of the body. Lateral is used describe a point furthest from the midline (Tortora & Derrickson, 2014) . Proximal is used to describe a limb of the trunk (Tortora & Derrickson, 2014). Medial is an imaginary vertical line dividing the body into equal left and right sides (Tortora & Derrickson, 2014). Distal is described as the farthest attachment of a limb to the trunk of the body (Tortora & Derrickson, 2014).