Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences". In other words, Skinner's theory explained how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit each and every day. Bandura – Social Learning Theory The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development. While rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning.
Constructive feedback is a way to increase self-awareness, offers options and encourages the learners development, this is a very important part of the teachers role and must be given with tact and encouragement to progress the learner. Constructive feedback does not mean giving positive feedback only. Negative feedback, if given skilfully, can be very important and useful. Destructive feedback is negative feedback which is given in an unskilled way. It can leave the participant feeling bad with seemingly no way forward.
Learning Theory 3 The social learning theory is the behavior theory most significant to criminology. Albert Bandura alleged aggression is erudite through a curse of action called behavior modeling. He believed that individuals do not actually inherit violent tendencies, but they modeled them (Bandura & Ribes, 1976). Albert Bandura and other theorist argued that individuals, especially children, learn aggressive responses from observing others, either personally or through the media and environments (Bandura, 1976). He stated that many individuals believed that aggression will fabricate reinforcements.
Instrumental conditioning, is when behavior is reinforced and is dependent on his or her behavior (Olson & Hergenahn, 2013). Classical conditioning, is when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditioned response and visa-versa many times, which changes behavior. Instrumental and classical cognition both can change one’s behavior, but classical conditioning helps in forming a behavior that more conductive to survival, and instrumental conditioning helps in learning to avoid certain situations, events, or effects. Cognitive expectancy is an important factor in instrumental and classical
The second principle is: “Peoples interpretations of their experiences influence the specific things they learn from those experiences”. People may misinterpret certain experiences, and may not be able to truly learn the lesson they are being taught. The third principle is: “New learning builds upon prior learning.” This principle implies that to learn you must begin with the basic and work up to things that are complex. The forth principle is: “Motivation affects what and how much people learn.” Theorist says that you must give people a reason to want to learn, because lack of interest will result in no learning. The fifth principle is: “The consequences that follow people’s behaviors affect their future learning and behavior.” In this principle, “consequences” doesn’t necessarily mean a form of punishment, it may mean constructive criticism.
The learning key for the LP is to give specific, clear instructions, clear expectations and support. The LP wants more than theory. They like concrete examples and a track to run on. The LP may be a little apprehensive in a group learning sessions that require interactive behavior. The discomfort felt can affect knowledge acquisition.
This paper will assess the relevance of any three key ideas of social learning theory to teaching and learning which are observational learning, imitation, and modeling 1. Observational Learning According to Bandura (1997) social learning theory is the learning process whereby people retain behavior patterns from observing others, and the person is enabled to pass on these patterns of behaviour to others. This theory emphasizes on the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. He states that learning would be exceedingly difficult and hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling; from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for future actions.
Social psychologist observe human behavior and significance of influence by outside sources such as people, society, environment, and culture. Social psychologist focus on facts that underline human behavior in social settings and how individuals’ conduct him or herself under various conditions, thus, leading to behavior, actions, and feelings. According to Mcleod (2007), “Topics examined in social psychology include: the self-concept, social cognition, attribution theory, social influence, group processes, prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal processes, aggression, attitudes and stereotypes” (para. 3). Social Psychology
• The objectivity in documenting researcher observation because this process is inherently subjective. This can be mitigated by offering a review of observation by team members and this will filter out subjectivity. This can also be done by providing adequate training to the team to enhance inter-observer
Social Learning Theory and Child Development Name: Institution: Social Learning Theory and Child Development Albert Bandura is the theorist who proposed the social learning theory, which has become one of the most significant theories of human learning and development. He believed that direct reinforcement cannot explain all categories of learning. This theory added a new component, holding that individuals can learn new behaviors, values, and information through watching other individuals. Modeling or observational learning can be utilized in explaining a range of human behavior (Akers, 2009). Bandura holds that behavior is learnt through observational learning process from the environment.