Galileo used pendulums extensively in his experiments. Early in his career, he researched the characteristics of their motion. After investigating their behaviour he was able to use them as a time measure device in later experiments. Pendulums are mentioned in both Galileo’s Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences and Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. In these two works, Galileo discussed some of the major points he discovered about pendulums (Morgan, 1995).
Multiple Choice 61. __________ is a multidisciplinary field devoted to understanding individual and group behavior, interpersonal processes, and organizational dynamics. a) organizational behavior. 62. The following statements are accurate descriptions of the evolution of the scientific study of organizations EXCEPT: e) the primary focus on the human factor began in the 18th century.
Lab 8: Ballistic Pendulum Objective: In this lab we used three methods to measure the initial velocity of a projectile from a spring gun. In the first experiment we used kinematics alone to determine the mean initial velocity for the projectile. In the second experiment we added a simple ballistic pendulum to derive the velocity of the projectile using the principles of conservation of momentum and energy. In the third experiment we used a physical pendulum, the equations for conservation of angular momentum and energy, and the equation for the period to determine the initial velocity of the projectile. Description: In these series of experiments the apparatus we used was a spring gun that for the first experiment shot a steel ball freely which eventually struck the floor.
We used a vernier caliper to obtain the diameter of those two and therefore, the radius. When adding all the numbers together, we found that the true radius(r) of the orbit was 0.139 m. To find our tension, we needed to find out how much weight we needed to pull the object towards away from the spring and on the tip of the pointer as shown below. The tension needed to pull the mass on the tip of the pointer 1.05 kg. In theory the force of acceleration needed to pull the mass to same exact spot should equal the force of tension multiplied by the force due to gravity. Using Newton’s second law, F=ma, we know that the
I will also look at how perceptual recognition can compute object constancy due to the formation of viewpoint-independent representation. Next I will look at how an object is viewed, using the main axis, which includes the generalised cone theory and the simple shape geon theory. I will also discuss how theories have proposed that some objects, such as faces, may rely on viewpoint-dependent representations. I will finish with neuropsychological evidence to show how an individual may recognise a face if they have suffered from brain damage. It is important to mention, that recorded theories of visual recognition date back to the 17th century, which were based on conjecture and observations only.
Hist. Sci., xlix (2011) HOW THEOLOGY, IMAGINATION, AND THE SPIRIT OF INQUIRY SHAPED NATURAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES Edward Grant Indiana University, Bloomington Historians of science have long debated historiographical issues and have even come to regard some of them as rather passé. The issues I shall consider will be applied to the late Middle Ages and, where necessary, extended to the early modern period, or, as I shall refer to it, the Scientific Revolution. In the broad range of medieval science and natural philosophy, I shall focus almost exclusively on natural philosophy, because, as we shall see, natural philosophers posed questions that probed “into all aspects of the world: nature, the supernatural, and an imaginary world of the hypothetical and possible”.1 It included bits and pieces of virtually all of the contemporary sciences, as well as thoughts and ideas that would be appropriate to sciences that only came into being in the modern era. It was not until the sciences of astronomy, optics, and mechanics — the exact sciences, known as the “middle sciences” to Aristotle and his followers in the late Middle Ages — became fully integrated with natural philosophy in the seventeenth century that early modern science emerged.
Analyze the major works of Newton and Leibniz relating to their independent formalizations of what we now call calculus. Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, independently developed and discovered calculus and its foundations. Both were instrumental in its creation, they came up with the central concepts in diverse ways. Newton considered variables changing with time, Leibniz thought of the variables x and y as ranging over sequences of infinitely close values. He introduced dx and dy as modifications between sequential principles of these classifications.
Because the length of a pendulum L, and the square of the period of the pendulum T2 are directly proportional, we were able to determine g by calculating the slope of the T2 vs L graph. From our calculations, this value turned out to be 10.3m/s2, while the accepted value for the acceleration is 9.8m/s2. Percentage Difference = 10.3−9.8 9.8 = 5.10 % There are a few reasons for the small error in our estimation: 1. There was some uncertainty in measuring the length of the pendulum L.
It is the engine of scientific progress and thus of the progress of society. A particularly fruitful way to look at the history of science is to study how science itself has changed over time, with an eye to what that trajectory might suggest about the future. Kelly chronicled a sequence of new recursive devices in science... 2000 BC — First text indexes 200 BC — Cataloged library (at Alexandria) 1000 AD — Collaborative encyclopedia 1590 — Controlled experiment (Roger Bacon) 1600 — Laboratory 1609 — Telescopes and microscopes 1650 — Society of experts 1665 — Repeatability (Robert Boyle) 1665 — Scholarly journals 1675 — Peer review 1687 — Hypothesis/prediction (Isaac Newton) 1920 — Falsifiability (Karl Popper) 1926 — Randomized design (Ronald Fisher) 1937 — Controlled placebo 1946 — Computer simulation 1950 — Double blind experiment 1962 — Study of scientific method (Thomas Kuhn) Projecting forward, Kelly had five things to
The development of scientific knowledge and methods is progressive as opposed to being degenerative, and is consistent with the theories. Just like the theories depicted in Marxism, some of the claims and theories in science have come to pass. The second section illustrates that the history of the development of Marxism is scientific and it conforms to the progressive development common to the development of scientific knowledge. The last section illustrates various aspects of Marxism related to science. Why is Marxism Scientific The postulation that Marxism is scientific is based on the claim by modern day economists.