However, research findings within the area of genetics and addiction are inconsistent. For example Noble conducted a meta-analysis and found that 48% of severe alcoholics, 32% of less severe alcoholics carried the A1 variant of the DRD2 gene. Several other studies have failed to find a similar link, this places doubt upon the reliability of the explanation and research findings. Neurotransmitters such as dopamine are also linked to addictive behaviour. According to the disease model addictive behaviour is initiated because drugs/alcohol stimulate the reward pathway within the brain which causes dopamine to be
Anderson in the early 1930's and as implemented in most AA-oriented treatment programmes (e.g., the Hazelden Foundation, the Betty Ford Foundation, the Sierra Tucson Centre, and others). These models assume addiction can be arrested but not cured, subscribe to the AA/NA philosophy, as described in AA/NA literature, that relies heavily on a combination of spirituality and pragmatism, and advocate peer support as the primary means for achieving sustained sobriety. Any approach that advocates controlled use of alcohol or other drugs (as compared with abstinence) is fundamentally dissimilar to Twelve Step-Facilitation with respect to basic treatment goals. Cognitive-behavioral approaches that are based on the idea that problem drinking and other drug abuse stems primarily from inadequate stress management skills and that aim to enhance problem solving and coping skills differ from TSF with respect to the assumption of peer support as fundamental to recovery. Twelve Step-Facilitation therapies also assume that alcoholism and other drug addictions are primary diagnoses and not symptoms of another diagnosis (e.g.
This is because chronic exposure to the nicotine eventually results in a chronic stress situation for the addict, characterised by withdrawal symptoms. This is effective at explaining why the smoking is maintained because as the withdrawal symptoms affect the user so negatively if the substance is stopped, the addiction is maintained to avoid this negative experience. Similarly the explanation is also as effective at explaining why the addicts relapse after giving up smoking. This is because as the withdrawal symptoms are so hard to resist and lead to such a negative experience, the user eventually takes the substance again to feel better. Also as the user’s brain is expecting a pleasurable experience from the addiction, it creates difficult to resist cues that the addict finds hard to
Introduction This paper serves as a brief introduction to addiction and drug use in modern society. It will touch on how people start to use, the disease model of addiction, it’s challengers and the withdrawal and rehabilitation period. By understanding the ways that we categorize and aim to treat addiction, we can hope to continue learning more about this major societal ailment affecting many of the people we will encounter in our life. Start Of Use/Disease Model of Addiction Addiction is a complex disorder that is caused and perpetuated by many factors. There are many theories and ideas as to what causes addiction which each follow different models of thought.
Addiction: A Disease or a Moral Deficiency? There are several models that have been developed to explain drug use and its associated problems such as addiction. The most dominant models are: moral model; disease model; pharmacological model or social control model; and the social learning model. This article, however, focuses on the explanation of addiction on account of disease model or moral deficiency. Moral model gives a plausible explanation for addiction.
Some researchers suggest that caffeine may even prevent diseases such as type II Diabetes and Parkinson’s, although on the other hand, studies show that caffeine worsens diabetes in those who already have the disease. The ongoing research about the drug is crucial for determining why caffeine acts the way it does. It is a proven fact that many times a person may have to use more of the drug to feel the effects due to developing a high tolerance. Physical dependence can take place in days, and some symptoms of withdrawal include drowsiness and headache. The writer states that taking too much caffeine can cause one to experience jitteriness, sleepiness, high blood pressure and other cardiovascular problems.
A comparison of the policy models used in the development and implementation of these federal acts addresses the government's response to this public disease. Understanding the efficacy of these policies is paramount to addressing this social crisis. CONTENTS Abstract 2 Introduction 4 The Social Problem of Methamphetamine 6 Scope of Problem 6 Causes 7 Consequences of Use 8 Target Population 10 Three Theoretical Perspectives Related to Drug Abuse 11 Availability-Proneness Theory 11 Psychosocial Theory of Drug Abuse: A Psychodynamic Approach 13 Self-Esteem and Self-Derogation Theory 14 Three Social Welfare Policies Relevant to Methamphetamine 16 The Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Prevention Control Act of 1970 17 The Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996 18 The Methamphetamine Anti-Proliferation Act of 1999 19 Three Theoretical Perspectives on Policymaking 21 Conclusion 22 References 24 The Social Illness of Methamphetamine Abuse The manufacturing, trafficking, and abuse of the illegal drug,
Formulate a verbal hypothesis statement concerning cross addictions, substitute addictions, and addiction transfer. Psychologists have helped to expose the struggles of addicts; no longer is recovery a major issue on the journey to sobriety, but the resistance to avoid new addictions is an additional struggle plaguing their lives. Addiction is a brain disease. Charles Graham, the program manager at Sober Living by the Sea (an addiction treatment center) states, “When a person gets clean and sober from one drug and then encounters stress or anxiety, the probability of resorting to another drug having the same effect” (Vivo, 2012). The transference of one addiction (like alcoholism) to another addiction (such as drug addiction) is known as addiction transfer in the discipline of psychology.
What are some of the issues for prescriptions drugs and teens today? Give examples. What are the short term and long term consequences of smoking? Short Term Effects: Tobacco affects anyone who smokes it. When or if you smoke is it can cause rising in blood pressure, rise in heart rate, restrict the flow of blood from the heart to the brain, it speeds up the brain, causes arteries to narrow.
Alcoholics Anonymous and alternative addiction approaches. Abstract This paper briefly compares and contrasts two different approaches to treating alcoholism or alcohol dependence: the disease and abstinence model of Alcoholics Anonymous (The 12 Step Programme) and SMART Recovery (Self Management and Recovery Training), using cognitive-behavioural and motivational-enhancement therapy, based on Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy. Alcoholics Anonymous and alternative addiction approaches. Analogous to a Swiss Army Knife, alcohol is employed by individuals in a number of contexts for purposes such as socialization, relaxation, sedation, and medication (Nevid & Rathus, 2010, p. 181). It helps curb negative feelings such as anxiety, depression, and loneliness (Nevid & Rathus, 2010, p. 181).