* Substance-related disorders: when an individual consumes a substance (drugs, alcohol) in amounts which are harmful to themselves or others. * Eating disorders: abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the detriment of an individual's physical and mental health * Cognitive disorders: primarily affects learning, memory, perception, and problem solving, for example, amnesia and dementia. 2.2 - explain the key strengths and limitations of the psychiatric classification system * Strengths: · It allows for consistent diagnoses and treatments · Disorders are arranged, organised and described in a particular manner and order. It provides a common language for therapists, doctors, and health care workers worldwide. This aids diagnosis, selection
Psych 213 Dr. Les White April 9, 2012 Major points the article covers or raises “The Addicted Brain,” by Nestler and Malenka discussed the brain’s memory of addiction which results from repeated use and subsequently abuse of drugs and alcohol. While very technical and scientific in its detailing of the processes, it was also very insightful in spelling out the brains rewarding of the pleasure that results from drugs of abuse (DOA). It seems that we have known for quite a while why someone feels good when they use DOA, but the article points out that new research is just beginning to understand some of the resulting long term changes in the brain. Even though the pleasurable effects of using a particular drug aren’t as strong as they
In terms of biochemistry, chemical imbalances in the brain may be involved in certain mental illnesses. Neurotransmitters, for example, play a very important part in behaviour – one theory links depression to low levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and noradrenaline. However, the relationship between neurotransmitters and depression is very complex and therefore, more research is needed to discover the exact link between this and the disorder. People suffering from depression, also often have high levels of the hormone cortisol. Cortisol is sometimes referred to as a ‘stress hormone’ because it is produced in times of stress.
Main Idea: The abnormalities in the brain are believed the causes of OCD. 1. Evidence: According to Wikipedia on September 25, 2007, that there is some type of abnormality in the neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin is a chemical neurotransmitter that transmits information from one nerve to another throughout the brain. It is released by one nerve ending also known as synapses, and is picked up by another nerve ending.
nor adrenaline and serotonin mainly. These neurotransmitters act like chemical messages in the nervous systems and are known to be active in parts of the brain associated with reward and punishment. They help to regulate the hypothalamus which is involved in sleep appetite , sexuality and physical movement., and these key areas are affected in depressive disorders. Support for this explanation has come from drug therapy. Anti depressants such as MAOI’s which increase the available amount of nor adrenaline in the brain, were found to be effective for elevating the symptoms of depression.
Effect of alcohol: Alcohol has an impact on the dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, glutamate, and GABA neurotransmitters. Genetics influence people’s tendency toward alcohol dependency. Effect of Barbiturates: cause relaxation, some euphoria, and diminished attention. 14. Stimulant: increase behavioral and mental activity.
One of the central findings of the large body of research that has examined the psychosocial causes, or etiology, of alcohol use is that there are multiple pathways to behavior that involves alcohol consumption. Researchers have located a gene in some alcohol abusers
Explain factors related to the development of substance abuse or addictive behaviour & examine prevention strategies and treatments for substance abuse and addictive behaviour (22 marks) A substance is anything that people can ingest to alter mood, cognition or behaviour: specifically to induce feelings of self-confidence, fun or relaxation. However, there is an issue with ‘substances’, in that they can often cause a dependence or addiction. An addiction can be described as the behavioural and other responses that include compulsion to certain substances continuously, in order to avoid psychological and physiological deficits in the absence of the substance: namely discomfort, anxiety etc. An addiction may relate to anything in one’s life which may cause the process of uncontrollable usage. This essay shall seek to outline the key reasons for development of a substance abuse, whilst assessing the prevention strategies and treatment for the subsequent substance abuses and addictive behaviours - with key reference to smoking and addiction to nicotine.
We will be concerned with what nowadays is often abused. The field of repressive drugs contains tranquilizers, sleeping pills, alcohol, heroin, methadone, etc. The stimulants are tobacco, coffee, amphetamines (common house) and cocaine. While in hallucinogens is hashish and marijuana, ecstasy, the LSD, mescaline, etc. As mentioned above drugs act on the central nervous system, so as to change the mood, function, perception and readiness of an individual.
Drugs can alter important brain areas that are necessary for life-sustaining functions and can drive the compulsive drug abuse that marks addiction. (Mitterer 66). Brain areas affected by drug use include the brain stem; it controls basic functions critical to living, such