Why do you think the plot was not linear? (Hint: Look at the relationship of the variables in the equation.) How well did the results compare with your prediction? The increase in radius resulted in an increase flow rate, as predicted. ACTIVITY 2 Studying the Effect of Blood Viscosity on Blood Flow Rate 1.
Selye was convinced that reactions to stressful situations: a. were general and nonspecific b. differed, depending on the type of stressor that was present c. were stronger when people had other physical illnesses d. differed, depending on the personality characteristics of the individual __A__ 3. The physiological reaction to an environmental threat, in which the autonomic nervous system energizes the body and hormones are released by the endocrine system, is called: a. a fight-or-flight response b. a resistance response c. a generalized anxiety response d. reaction formation ___D_ 4. In the general activation syndrome (GAS), described by Selye, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system first becomes activated during: a. the resistance phase b. the stage of exhaustion c. recovery from the stress d. the alarm reaction __C__ 5. Quinn was driving his car on an icy road when the back end started to skid out of control. His car crossed the centerline, and he could see the headlights of rapidly approaching oncoming traffic.
Angiotension II causes vasoconstriction, which raises the blood pressure. Angiotension II also stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal gland. This leads to increased sodium reabsorption by the kidneys, which causes water to follow it, which then increases intravascular volume. The increased vasoconstriction and increased blood volume raise the blood pressure. Additionally, the perceived hypovolumic status causes the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary.
This weakens the immune system leaving the body vulnerable to infection and illness. Raised levels of cortisol suppresses the TH1 immune response. Kiecolt-Glaser et al conducted a natural experiment into acute stress, the aim was to see if the stress of exams had an effect on the immune system. Blood samples were taken from medical students before and during the exam period, T-Cell activity was measured in the blood samples. The findings showed that T-Cell activity was significantly higher before exams which suggests that acute stress caused reduced immune system functioning.
‘Stress’ refers to the psychological and physiological responses which occur when we perceive a threat and don’t have the resources to cope with it. These threats are known as ‘stressors’. There are three stages: the alarm reaction stage, the resistance stage and the exhaustion stage. The alarm reaction stage is where the autonomic nervous system is activated, triggering the ‘fight or flight’ response. Dilated pupils, saliva inhibition and faster heartbeat are examples of what happens to the body during this stage to enable us to prepare for action, whether it be to fight or to run away from the threat.
Explain what caused the observed changes in systolic BP and MAP with the exercise. The average systolic BP post exercise is 148 mmHg and the MAP post exercise is 104 mmHg. Differences between the two is a result of the exercise increasing blood flow to skin, heart, and skeletal muscles but reducing flow to other organs such as urinary, reproductive, and digestive organs. 2. Compare the resting and exercising systemic vascular resistance values and discuss what causes the observed change with exercise.
Restate your predictions that were correct and give data from your experiment that support them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving supporting data from your experiment that supports your corrections. During exercise HR, SV, and CO will all increase due to the increased demand of oxygen needed throughout the body as well as the increased pumping action of the heart having to work faster to get blood to the tissues during exercise Application 1. We measured the stroke volume of the left ventricle. What was the average stroke volume of the right ventricle at rest and
The neurotransmitters Cortisol and Adrenaline are released when a person is in a situation that requires the fight, flight, or freeze response (Seahorn and Seahorn, p.87, 2008). However, extreme stress causes neural cell death in relation to excessive cortisol secretion. Seahorn and Seahorn continue that there are many characteristics of PTSD and symptoms often appear quickly without warning. These symptoms include but are not limited to: hyperarousal, nightmares, insomnia, flashbacks, panic attacks, fear, avoidance, anger, and hopelessness
It is the process by which one appraises and copes with environmental threats and challenges. The events of life flow through a psychological filter. How one appraises an event influences how much stress he experiences and how effectively he responds. (Myers, 2008, p. 435). Signs of stress might include lack of sleep, decreased immunity, high blood pressure, headache, back pain, heart palpitations, increased smoking, and abuse of drugs or alcohol, anxiety, sadness, and depression.
What is stressful for one person may be pleasurable or have little effect on them and we all react to stress differently. Human beings were built to handle stress; we adapted the autonomic part of the nervous system to handle acute stressor, such as a physical alteration, job interview or even a tough anatomy test. The body would respond by releasing stress hormones, corticosteroids, these hormones would then give an immediate energy surge to the body. The hormones were meant for only short periods; when the body is under chronic stress these hormones start to cause damage to the body. Forty-three percent of all adults suffer adverse health effects from stress.