Individuals do this to make the pain go away which ultimately they really just defense mechanisms (Gottdiener, Murawski, & Kucharski, 2008). “According to psychoanalytic conflict theory, defense mechanisms are activated when the individual experiences any form of displeasure, especially anxiety or depressive affect” (Brenner, 1982). Failures of ego control are related to individuals with substance use disorders. “Ego control refers to the efforts of the individual to control thoughts, emotions, impulses and ability to perform tasks and attention processes” (Baumeister & Vohs, 2004, p. 2). The article also addresses the result of consistent failures in ego control.
When a person suffers with psychological distress, the way in which they interpret situations becomes skewed, which in turn has a negative impact on the actions they take. CBT aims to help people become aware of when they make negative interpretations, and of behavioral patterns which reinforce the distorted thinking. Cognitive Therapy helps people to develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving which reduce the psychological distress. Cognitive behavioral Therapy is, in fact, an umbrella term for many different therapies that share some common elements. Two of the earliest forms of Cognitive behavioral Therapy were Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s, and Cognitive Therapy, developed by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s.
Discuss psychological explanations of schizophrenia There are many different psychological approaches towards explaining schizophrenia which suggests that the development of schizophrenia is due to psychological factors rather than biological factors. One psychological approach to schizophrenia is the behavioural approach. Behavourists argue that schizophrenia is learnt through operant conditioning. This means that someone may do something that gets a positive reaction or reward from others which then encourages the person to repeat the behaviour and consequently reinforce that behaviour. For a schizophrenic this suggests that their behaviour is a consequence of faulty learning.
Substance Abuse Substance abuse is a pattern in which people rely on a drug excessively and regularly, bringing damage to their relationships, functioning poorly at work, or putting themselves or others in danger. The causes of substance related to disorders are as follows: Sociocultural views- Propose that substance abuse and dependence are more likely to appear in families, and social environments where substance use is valued, or at least accepted. Psychodynamic views- people who abuse substances have powerful dependency needs that can be traced to their early childhood. Cognitive-Behavioral views- the temporary reduction of tension or rising of spirits produced by drug has a rewarding affect, thus increasing the likelihood that the user will seek this reaction again. Biological views are a genetic predisposition and biochemical factors.
As a result there are a variety of theories of personality which try to describe the cause and effect of the human personality. This essay will briefly compare and contrast two of these theories which include the psychoanalytic and humanistic theories of personality. It is important to have an in-depth understanding of the various types of theories with respect to personality because such a discourse enables psychologists to discover more about social behaviours in daily life (Fiske et al, 2010; 365). Both theoretical viewpoints, while being substantially different from each other, do share some common comparisons as we shall examine below. Psychoanalytical theories of personality stress the individual’s unconscious motivations which can be identified through dreams, slips of the tongue and fantasies (McCrae & Costa, 2003; 21).
These results suggest that in favour of psychological intervention, task-focused coping strategies are the more adaptive of coping strategies. It may also suggest that psychologically minded individuals may use more effectual coping strategies. Future research should aim in gathering a more representative sample of a non-clinical population and employ a measure more reliable than online surveys. The relationship between coping and psychopathology, both anxiety and depression, is centre of an immense amount of research (Endler & Parker, 1990; Hovanitz, 1986). Coping styles and the forms of psychopathology (depression and anxiety) have been found to be implicated in the measure of psychological mindedness (PM; Nyklicek, Poot, & Opstal, 2010; Nyklicek & Denollet, 2009).
His first assumption was that mental illnesses are psychological in origin, the psychodynamic approach, unlike the biological approach, explains behaviour as a result of psychological issues rather than physical issues. Secondly, he explained the importance of the unconscious. He explained that the unconscious mind would determine a lot about behaviour. ‘Dynamic unconsciousness’ is used to explain behaviour when the cause is unknown. He assumed that if the unconscious behaviour was brought to awareness the abnormal behaviour would disappear.
Also, how it should be banned, there are, believe it or not, some positives to all of the negatives. One, it is good for kids who are behind or need extra help. For example, a student does not understand the material and is academically struggling. This student should be given homework to help the material to gradually become easier and raise the students grades. Greg Toppo agrees with these statements on the positivity of homework for struggling students.
Discuss how emotion can inhibit memory Emotion can have a strong effect on memory, it can both inhibit and enhance it. When discussing how emotion can inhibit your memory one often hears about Freud’s theory of repression. Repression occurs when one experiences dreadful, sometimes traumatizing events, which can be emotionally arousing. Freud mentioned that it is a way of mental self-defence and is called “motivated forgetting”. His claim indicates that negative and traumatic experiences are more likely to be forgotten than more positive ones, which are more likely to be remembered.
Anticipatory stress is another factor this paper will focus on as it reduces one’s decision-making ability. Regarding the link between stress and its effects on the body, researchers have discovered a peptide located in the brain called orexin (hypocretin) that, with proper testing, could soon provide a treatment for stress and depression. Researchers began studying orexin further when they discovered the substantial link between the systems affected by stress and those affected by the orexin system. “The relationship between orexin and stress is noteworthy, given that chronic stress is a reliable predictor of depression, and may be necessary for establishment of the disorder.” (Arendt, 2013). Stress serves as an activator to orexin neurons in the hypothalamus, but orexinergic receptors are located throughout the brain.