Phobias are learned through elements of classical conditioning, and addictions can be learned and strengthened through elements of operant conditioning. Distinguishing between Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning, the first type of learning to be systematically studied, is defined as a procedure by which a previously neutral stimulus come to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits that response (Kowalski, 2009). Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, documented and developed the concept of classical conditioning in an experiment he conducted in which he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus, a bell, is paired with a stimulus, dog food. The dog food is a stimulus that produces a response naturally.
In the case study “It’s not just about salivating dogs!’ by Roger R. Hock we are able to see how Ivan Pavlov used classical conditioning in his research. His theories on classical conditioning help to expand a major impact on the study of human behavior and helped psychology become a true science. Classical conditioning is used to explain and interpret a range consisting of human behavior, also including “where phobias come from, why you dislike certain foods, the source of your emotions, how advertising work, why you feel anxiety before a job interview or an exam, and what arouses you sexually” (Hock, Pg 69) Reflexive behavior is studied through classical condition. Any reflex is able to be conditioned to occur to other previously neutral stimulus. His research involved the use of dogs as the subject to study the role of salvation on digestion.
He tried presenting a number of different objects in front of the dog and eventually discovered that it would salivate when every object was presented and named this response as a conditional reflex. Pavlov also discovered that these types of reflexes would originate from the cerebral cortex of the brain. (This is shown in the image to the right) * Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner): This is another behaviourist theory which was introduced by Burrhus.F. Skinner in 1930. His experiment was called “Skinners Box” Skinners focus was based on reinforcement and this can be a positive outcome or it is a behaviour to avoid any negative consequences.
Outline and evaluate one or more social psychological theory of aggression Social psychological theories, such as social learning theory and deindividuation, propose that the causes of aggression comes from our interactions with others. According to social learning theory, aggressive behaviour is learned either through direct experience or by vicarious experience. Learning by direct experience is derived from Skinner's principles of operant conditioning. It is when you act in an aggressive manor and, as a result, get rewarded for it. The reward acts as reinforcement, therefore you are more likely to act like this again in a similar situation.
Now that classical conditioning had taken place the dogs would salivate at the sound of the bell which was now the conditioned stimulus . [pic] I agree with Invan Pavlov theory because I think that you can control your response and behaviour towards things. http://peoplelearn.homestead.com/BEduc/Chapter_4.pdf http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100517172300.htm http://psychology.about.com/od/classicalconditioning/a/pavlovs-dogs.htm B.F Skinner’s ( Burhus Frederick [pic] Another type of learning was shown in operant conditioning or reinforcement.This type of learning was introduced by B.F Skinner’s ( Burrhus Frederick Skinner) He was famous for inventing the skinner
They believed that behaviour is learned through our environment through operant or classical conditioning and that behaviour is just a response to a stimulus. Operant conditioning is a learning method to change behaviour through reinforcement to produce the desired response. Classical conditioning requires a stimulus to trigger a response by pairing with an unconditional stimulus. Skinner and Harlow’s aims were to look into the understanding of the different influences on human behaviour. Skinner was interested in the behaviourist way of observing and measuring behaviour.
2. Operant Behaviourism is a term used to define how we learn. It’s a theory of learning that a person’s behaviour can be altered though conditioning (classical & operant). Operant conditioning is a theory that moderates behaviour though giving an award or punishment. Behaviour that’s seen as acceptable results in positive reinforcement which is a pleasurable reward, so behaviour is repeated.
B.F Skinner again starved a rat and placed it in a box with a lever. Whenever the lever was pressed by the rat, a small pellet of food dropped into a tray for the rat to eat. The rat soon learnt that when it pressed the lever it will receive food. In this experiment the lever pressing behaviour was reinforced by food, which again through operant conditioning the rat’s behaviour was shaped. In my opinion Skinner’s target was met because his aim or purpose was to shape the rat’s behaviour.
The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010). This increased stomach acid and salivation led Pavlov to the discovery of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is defined as a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). In layman terms this means that classical conditioning is associated learning or learning through experience. Pavlov’s work with dogs continued as he learned more about classical conditioning.
Though sounding simple Skinner managed to show how complex patterns of behaviour could be learned through schedules of reinforcement. He used rats and pigeons and put them in box and found that they would explore their surroundings. The animal would accidently press a lever which supplied food, so the animal learnt to repeat this behaviour to gain the reward which was the food. The