Myriad’s process claims got even less respect. In just a few pages, out of 156 in total, the court concluded that they all failed the Federal Circuit’s “machine or transformation” test for method claims. (This test comes from the recent Bilski case. Although the Supreme Court will soon issue its own opinion in Bilski, the machine or transformation test is the law unless and until the Supremes order otherwise.) Judge Sweet found that none of the methods were tied to any particular machine, nor did they bring about a tangible transformation of anything.
This was because we had almost no research on what addiction actually was; therefore, we could not possibly introduce successful treatment modalities. Solution Focused Interviewing started a little later than Motivational Interviewing by therapists Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg in the early 1980’s. Their practice evolved over time from a psychodynamic model into the social constructionist philosophy of Solution Focused Interviewing, and now Solution Brief Therapy. Solution Focused Interviewing is more task based and goal oriented due to the limited duration of sessions. It is used by social workers and other professionals in helping fields.
So by using case studies it is impossible to generate general laws and principles as only one persons behaviour is examined and can’t be generalised. But using laboratory experiments of large samples of people can generate general laws for behaviour.
Dualism has largely fallen out of favour with most neuroscientists and Talvitie (2009) himself is clearly a monist. At the same time, whilst there is consensus that mind or consciousness emerges from neurophysiological processes, there remains a lack of clarity as to how this is achieved. Talvitie (2009, p 50) goes so far as to make the point that cognitive science has little doubt that unconscious matters determine our behaviour. Rather, it is the role and
The last one is the ectomorph with a thin, fragile body is tense, awkward and a meticulous person. All theories have disadvantages, and for Sheldon theory, a person can never be identified by his or her body shape, or personality characteristics. A human being has a brain to think and heart to feel, and for example my friend has the same body shape of an endomorph but a personality which is completely different than what Sheldon theory stated. They are no scientific facts that state that the Sheldon theory is accurate. This The advantages of this theory, is that sometimes you can identify a person from his or her body shape and to know how to deal with them, for example if you were in an important meeting and you want to know the interviewer opinion you can identify it by facial expression and body language.
Process theory holds that if an outcome is to be duplicated, so too must the process which originally created it, and that there are certain constant necessary conditions for the outcome to be reached. When the phrase is used in connection with human motivation, process theory attempts to explain the mechanism by which human needs changes. Some of the theories that fall in this category are expectancy theory, equity theory, and goal setting[1] In management research, process theory provides an explanation for 'how' something happens and a variance theory explains 'why'. [2] Some theorists claim that all natural processes have complex phases in which the output state of the process is not determined by the input states of the processes. The condition is defined by Robert Rosen as being "complex".
Green B.K 209010013 Career Psychology SP333 My systemic career development story: a theoretical re-telling The practice of career counseling has been derived from principles of career theory and counseling theory. In recenttimes, the fields of both career and counseling theory have undergone considerable change. One of the key concepts of the Systems Theory Framework is that all aspects of influence are taken in account when people are making decisions regarding their careers. The complexity of influences ranges from personal beliefs and interests to much broader dynamics such as political decisions, geographical location and socioeconomic status. It shows that human life is not simply linear and straightforward, but more compound and recursive, constantly needing reorganisation, adaptation and that there is always unavoidable change.
Motivation is a process that arises from research in physiological or psychological need that activates a behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal (Byrnes 2009). The corresponding theories arise from research in psychology, identified as four theory areas: need, cognitive, reinforcement, and social learning (ibid.). Need theories states that people behave the way they do because of internal needs they are attempting to fulfill (ibid.). Cognitive theories argue that the ways people think are used to decide their behaviors. Reinforcement theories depend heavily on the effect of law, which argues that people
The theory also includes that as well as identity evolving, it is provisional as it is dependent on situation and cultural influences. Juxtaposed against this model are studies formulated by the psychologists who favour the Psychosocial approach, a concept of an evolving characteristics through social interaction, staged according to age regardless of perceived failure or success and that ego identity is formed by adulthood. Firstly, unlike most sub disciplines of Psychology there is no ‘founding father’ to accredit the movement of social constructionism. True to beliefs centred within these theories, that there are multiple identities and therefore no difference amongst a personal self and a social self, there is no one author to this dynamic and developing paradigm. Social Constructionism opens the debate of identity and how it is evolved by stating that it is not something that occurs naturally when adulthood is reached and but is in constant flux, altered in context and in relation to situations we find ourselves in.
Attitude Theories Diana M. Fernandez Strayer University Attitude Theories This paper will discuss attitude theories. Attitude theories are attempts to explain the factors that shape individual’s beliefs, feelings and behaviors. Two examples of attitude theories are functionalist theory and cognitive dissonance theory. These theories are defined and their components are presented. Examples of each are given as well as being compared and contrasted.