Multitasking while Driving According to Alina Tugend's article "Multitasking Can Make You Lose Um Focus," multitasking may be saving time but is, inadvertently, causing more stress and is actually making the work that is being done less efficient. (Tugend, NY Times) In her article, Tugend describes multitasking as not actually "splitting your attention" but as "switching focus from one task to another." Tugend speaks on the brain's involvement with multitasking and examines what is happening as it changes focus on different tasks. The brain is not designed to simultaneously work on more than one task at a time and doing so causes you to lose focus on one of the tasks at hand. According to Tugend's source Professor Earl Miller we can do a couple of things at the same time if they are routine, but when they demand more cognitive process it hinders our brain's ability to keep up.
The human memory has a propensity to recall erroneous events and even details that did not happen. This phenomenon can be described as reconstruction theory, which “suggests that information stored in the long term memory is not forgotten in the usual sense but sometimes is recalled in a distorted, incorrect manner” (Lahey, Benjamin 2012). An experiment performed by Elizabeth Loftus, showed that a third party can introduce false memory altered by false cues. Subjects viewed a slide of an accident involving cars. Some were later asked to describe the speed of the cars before they smashed into each other, others were asked the same question, but using the term hit instead of smash.
The criminal justice system relies heavily on eyewitness identification for investigating and prosecuting crimes in that, it may be the only evidence present for identifying criminals in certain cases (Wells & Olson, 2002). The strong weight given to eye witness identifications is nonetheless a matter of concern as it eye witness identifications have been demonstrated to be flawed, even when witness confidence is high. Experience has shown that the convincing and sincere witness can often be mistaken. Memon (2008) explains where eye-witness testimonies have been greatly unreliable; where Jean Charles de Menezes was shot by police as a result of mistaken identity. According to eye-witnesses he was described as suspicious, jumped over a ticket barrier and was wearing a wearing a bulky jack supposedly concealing a device.
Describe three driver errors that could cause a collision. 1. Not wearing your contacts or corrective glasses while driving can cause a collision. 2. Bad judgment and poor decision making can cause an accident.
While it can be hard to understand why someone would falsely confess to a crime, psychological research has provided some answers and DNA exonerations have proven that the problem is more widespread than many people think. In approximately 25% of the wrongful convictions overturned with DNA evidence, defendants made false confessions, admissions or statements to law enforcement officials. In some false confession cases, details of the crime are inadvertently communicated to a suspect by police during questioning. Later, when a suspect knows these details, the police take the knowledge as evidence of guilt. Often, threats or promises are made to the suspect off camera and then the camera is turned on for a false confession.
These beliefs became heavily challenged in congress because they made the criminal justice system responsible for turning criminals into law abiding citizens. During the 1970’s indeterminate period the emphasis was rehabilitation, community treatment, diversion, reintegration, and education and employment programs (Mackenzie, D.
Crime Statistics “Crime statistics is an attempt to provide statistical measures of the crime in societies.” Unfortunately, because some crime is secretive, some unknown because they are never reported, therefore the results become very inaccurate. There are several ways on how these statistics are received, such as, hospital of insurance records, household surveys, and reports for several law enforcement agencies. Many countries gather their statistical crime information and it becomes of interest to international organizations such as, Interpol and the United Nations. Places like the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Home Office in England & Whales, are the agencies that publish these crime statistics and compile the statistics based on the different crimes that have been reported. Statistics are usually collected on based on three categories: Offenses, the breach of law; Offenders, those who commit the offenses; and the victims, the ones who are offended against.
Holmes & Holmes (2009, p290) stated “To appraise a crime without some knowledge of the victim is certainly remiss.” The victim constitutes half of the crime therefore victimology should be heavily looked at in order to connect them to the offender (Douglas, Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 1992).Victimology is important to an investigation process in that, it is not just learning about the victim’s personal history and personality, but it also why the victim was chosen (Petherick, 2010). Holmes and Holmes (2009,p 291) created a list of elements which should be important to victim profiling it includes: "Physical traits, marital status, personal lifestyle, occupation, education, personal demographics, medical history, psychosexual history, court history, and last activities." A victim’s lifestyle, preferences, family, relationships, and routines, can give investigators clues about potential suspects who had access to the victim (Brown & Davenport, 2012). Other concepts that should be considered when victim profiling are the method of approach, method of attack and risk assessment (Turvey, 1999). Con, surprise, and blitz are three methods of approach that an offender will use to capture his victim.
The most common element in wrongful convictions is eyewitness misidentification. Some of the methods used for identification have been scrutinized and are being changed and modified with time. Misidentification not only threatens the innocent but also focuses the investigation on the innocent letting the guilty
Do you prosecute that as a hate-crime, just because it might be? One group of people is now getting special treatment under the law. That sounds lot like discrimination to me, which isn't how this country is supposed to work. Whatever happened to equal protection under the law? Further, because most hate-crime legislation puts added effort into prosecuting crimes against certain individuals or groups, what about the same crimes committed against someone who doesn't fit into one of those groups?