Assignment 1: Asses the 6 psychological perspectives Explain and assess all 6 of the psychological perspectives you have learnt. Behaviourist – Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment called ‘Classical Conditioning’. At first, the Russian physiologist was working on an investigation of a dog’s digestive system, and the amount of salvation levels towards food. He had the dog in a harness, and a test tube under the dog’s mouth to collect the saliva. However, every time the dog saw the experimenter, the dog had already started to salivate before it came close to eating the food; this was unusual.
Skinner studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a “Skinner Box” which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box. What is Classical Conditioning? Classical conditioning is the way we develop responses to certain stimuli that are not naturally occurring, e.g. when we touch a hot stove our reflex is to pull our hand back. It does so instinctively and no learning is involved, it is merely a survival instinct.
This theory was formed from the Russian psychologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov from the years of 1849 through to the year of 1936. He worked with dogs in order to work out their digestive system. The dogs would be attached to a harness and then Pavlov would attach monitors to their stomachs and mouths in order to monitor salivation levels. One day Pavlov noticed one day as a laboratory assistant bought in food the dog began to produce saliva before he had actually ate the food. This came across as unusual to Pavlov; he studied this and learnt that the dog would produce saliva because he would associate food with the laboratory assistant; he developed this theory in the following way.
Classical conditioning refers to the process of learning through association. This involves an animal or a human learning to associate something new with something that naturally causes a response eventually making the new thing cause the same response itself. A key example found within psychology for the process of classical conditioning would be that of Pavlov’s dog experiment. Pavlov was initially doing experiments on dogs and salivating and noticed that when the dogs heard his footsteps, they begin to salivate involuntarily. This is due to them learning to associate the sound of Pavlov’s footstep with food.
Then a scenario will be use to explain an example of classical conditioning. In the 20th century, Ivan Pavlov had unexpectedly come across the philosophy of classical conditioning, when he was researching his dogs’ digestion system. During his research he realized that the dogs tend to salivate to the sight of food, so then he paired the food with a bell to see if the
P1: Explain the principal psychological perspectives: Introduction: For this assignment I have to describe how the theories of classical conditioning can be applied in health and social care settings that deal with challenging or modifying behaviour. Classical conditioning: This is a theory which was originally developed by Ivan Pavlov in his experiments on a dog salivating when being shown food, it was discovered when the dog had learned the arrival of the assistant meant food was coming and so the dog salivated early (before even smelling the food.) from this experiment we can understand why classical conditioning is to do with reminder, some psychologists (evolutionary) say that some of the prehistoric phobias were survival related for example associating heights or oceans of water with death therefore creating the phobia of heights and water which make you avoid them in order to avoid death. In my opinion this makes sense, in the same way that animals and prehistoric hums would have avoided brightly coloured berries as they were poisonous. www.tatic.ddmcdn.com/gif/dog-training Applying classical conditioning to the health and social care sector: Like any behaviourist theory of learning, classical conditioning helps explain certain behaviourisms and why we do specific things that we do.
He studied the behaviour of dogs using a machine installed in a special room as shown in the picture below. Pavlov asked an assistant to enter the room with a bowl of dog food. He noticed that the dog started to saliva before it had even touched the food. Saliva is a reflexive response which is a reaction that comes naturally. After the dog was used to the routine of the assistant entering the room with food, Pavlov asked the assistant to enter without food.
The experiment showed that once the dogs became accustomed to hearing a particular noise at mealtime, they began to salivate automatically whenever they heard it. The dogs would salivate when they heard the noise whether they were given food or not. This experiment showed that behaviors are reactions to stimuli. This theory also relies on the belief that positive and negative reinforcement can be used to train people and animals to behave a certain way. Behaviorists seek to discover how environmental stimuli control behavior.
Pavlov experimented classical conditioning by experimenting with dogs. Pavlov rang a bell every time he would feed the dogs. After repeating this experiment a few times, every time he would ring the bell the dogs will start salivating. This results in the food being the unconditioned stimulus, the dog salivating is the unconditioned response, the bell being rang is the conditioned stimulus, and the dog salivating is the conditioned response. By this experiment Pavlov preformed, physiologists began to realize that classical conditioning can occur during peoples every day lives.
Treatments will be based heavily on what symptoms need immediate reprieve and, of course, the diagnosis determined by the veterinarian. To give you an idea on what to expect, here are commonly administered solutions for kidney illnesses in dogs: Fluid Therapy Using Intravenous Fluids or IV Since the main symptoms of a kidney malfunction include dehydration, urination difficulties, vomiting and loss of appetite – it is important to rehydrate the ailing dog as soon as possible and maintain proper hydration moving forward as further tests or treatments are administered. Rehydration is done through IVs, which will typically be given in the veterinary clinic where the patient can be monitored properly. Controlled Diet If the vomiting lessens or stops and as the dog gains back his appetite, vets often introduce a controlled diet plan at this point. Protein levels per meal will be monitored so as to regulate kidney functions.