Theories On Child Development

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Describe and discuss four theories or aspects of theories that are relevant and applicable when observing babies and toddlers. Since the early eighteenth century there have been vast amounts of research carried out in the area of child development. There are numerous theorists and perspectives that can be considered when observing children. Studying theoretical perspectives enables the practitioner to link theory with practice and therefore show their understanding of how children learn and develop. Linking theory with practice enables practitioners to plan age appropriate activities and experiences for the children in their care and thus enhance their development and help them to acquire new skills and knowledge. In this essay the author will discuss the following theorists whose work has been very influential in the field of childcare. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Lev Vygotsky (1896-1943), Jean Piaget (1896-1980), B.F. Skinner (1904-1990). Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud’s main area of study was emotional and personality development, he was the first psychologist to recognise the importance of the conscious and unconscious mind. Freud’s work is considered important because he showed that childhood experiences and relationships significantly influence the development of personality in later life, (Beaver et al 2002). Freud’s theory was psychoanalysis and he believed that the personality comprised of three parts the Id, the Ego and the Superego. Freud developed a stage theory; these stages are called psychosexual and are linked to the physical pleasures associated with each stage. Freud argued that psychological health as an adult depended on how each of these stages is dealt with, and whether or not optimum gratification is gained from each stage. Freud believed that unsuccessful completion of any of these stages leads to a child becoming fixated
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