Outline Gardner`s theory of multiple intelligence The psychometric theory has been criticised by Gardner, he said that there is not just one kind of intelligence. Gardner proposed that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence, she referred to these as domains. He believed that each of these domains act as a separate system in the brain. These domains are linguistic which is the spoken language, logical/mathematical which is abstract thought and the ability to reason, special which is a real world ability and the mental rotation of images, musical which is the creation and appreciation of music, bodily/kinaesthetic which is fine motor skills, intrapersonal which is the understanding of other people’s feelings and the final domain is natural which is understanding the natural world. The first three of these domains (linguistic, logical and special) are recognised in the traditional intelligence testing, however the last five are new concepts in terms of intelligence.
Outline and evaluate Gardner’s theory of intelligence (8+16) Gardner argued that traditional theories of intelligence did not include the wide ranging types of human ability. He argued that a child weak in language abilities might actually be able in other intellectual areas. Gardner saw individuals as having a cognitive profile, involving different amounts of various kinds of intelligence. The theory is an educational theory as Gardner believes that schools should offer individual teaching programmes fitting each person’s cognitive profile and improving their intellectual weaknesses. Gardner also thought that there was a danger by not acknowledging certain types of intelligence, of devaluing individuals who possess high levels of ability in those areas.
The adult cognitive development theory originated with Robert Kegan in 1982. The attachment theory was first developed by John Bowlby and then later added to by Mary Ainsworth. Both of these theories try to explain how we become socially mature. The theories discussed will offer insight towards different aspects of social maturity. Robert Kegan was born on 1946; the Harvard psychologist first described his theory on social maturity in his 1982 book, The Evolving Self.
Provide a brief overview of Gardner’s theory and its significance. The multiple intelligences theory was developed by Harvard psychologist, Howard Gardner in 1983. This theory gives seven ways that people understand and perceive the world. This theory also suggests that there are ways of testing for intelligence based on that certain individual. Gardner claims that all human beings have multiple intelligences.
This essay will assess the extent to which educational policies have been meritocratic. Meritocracy is where a pupil’s ability, rather than their class background, income, ethnicity or gender, determines the school they go to and the grades they get. So something based more around achievement and not ascription. Before the Education Act (1994), children of different classes and backgrounds all received very different educations. The parents of children from wealthy middle class backgrounds (bourgeoisie) could afford to send their child to public and grammar schools to receive an academic education.
Therefore these styles remain with us into adulthood effecting how we make and maintain relationships. Bowlby dedicated wide-ranging research to the concept of Attachment describing it as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (Bowlby, 1969, 194). He believed that attachment had an evolutionary element, is hard wired and instinctual: “The propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular individuals [is] a basic component of human nature" (Bowlby, 1988, 3). Bowlby believed that there are four distinguishing characteristics of attachment: 1. Proximity Maintenance - The
The eight distinctive intelligences consist of; linguistic, musical, naturalist, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal and intrapersonal (Kowalski, R. and Westen,D., 2011). “Gardner’s theory indicates how intelligence rests on eight curves, therefore, one for every different category of intelligence” (Kowalski & Weston, 2011). Gardner believed that people were not limited to a single intelligence and that people were capable of using much different intelligence at the same time to better understand the environment that people are surrounded by (Chapman).
In defining intelligence, Galton proposed that higher races would continue to evolve as intelligence is an evolutionary trait however lower races would cease to develop. Consequently as intelligence is inherited he stated that races that were more intelligent should reproduce and those who were part of the ‘lower race’ should stop reproducing. Galton’s theory of eugenics had powerful consequences, Laughlin (1922) developed the ‘Model Eugenical Sterilization Law’ in which he postulated that people such as those who were feeble minded, insane, criminals should be sterilized. Laughlin collected research which supported his argument; for example, the Kullikak Family, where one feeble minded woman lead to generations of equally feeble minded and defective people (Goddard, 1913). Subsequently, the ‘Model Eugenical Sterilization Law’ and the ‘American Immigration Restriction Act’ were heavily praised by Hitler as it was considered a way to exclude ‘undesirables’ due to race and hereditary
Running head: A NARRATIVE ON HOWARD GARDNER The Road to Multiple Intelligences: A Narrative on Howard Gardner Sheila Thomas Capella University Address: 4901 Far Hills Avenue, D-1 City, State, Zip: Kettering, OH 45429 Phone: 937-626-7145 E-Mail: statsgrad@yahoo.com Advisor: Heidi Kopacek Degree: PhD Abstract Although the idea of multiple intelligences is not new, some consider Howard Gardner the father of multiple intelligences (MI) theory. Through a synthesis of literature reviews, this paper narrates the profound events in Gardner’s upbringing, political, social, and educational background that helped shape his ideas, theories, and utility for MI. Outlined and discussed are the seven intelligences and the eight criteria for defining a new intelligence. Also given platform is the lack of empirical evidence for MI theory. This paper culminates with a glimpse at MI implemented in 21st century classrooms and suggestions for establishing a MI learning environment.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences Melinda Johnson PSY/300 September 12, 2011 Kaisa Freeman Theory of Multiple Intelligences The multiple intelligence theory was first introduced by Howard Gardner, a professor of cognition and education at Harvard University in his book called Frames of Mind in 1983. Howard Gardner regarded it as a “pluralistic view of the mind” which recognizes many different and discrete facets of cognition and acknowledges that people have different cognitive strengths and contrasting cognitive styles. (Gardner, 1983) In designing his theory, Howard Gardner opposes the traditional view of the mind stating that his theory is a new outlook of the human intelligence. Howard Gardner’s theory suggests that everyone is capable of learning and knowing about the world around them and he also gave a definition of intelligence. For most of the history of human beings, there had never been a scientific definition of intelligence and when spoken about it was referred to as people being “dull” or “bright with varying degrees.