The transfer of this information between the stages may require re-coding. The memory traces in shorty-term memory are fragile and can be lost within 30 seconds through displacement or decay, unless rehearsed. This then creates long-term memory, where it can remain for a lifetime, although loss is possible from this store by decay, retrieval failure or interference. Long-term memory has unlimited storage, and is split into two memories Procedural memory which is a knowledge of how to do things and skills. Declarative memory is a memory for specific information or facts, which can be sub-divided into Semantic storage for language and general knowledge.
Structure of the multi-store model According to the multi-store model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) memory can be explained in terms of 3 stores (sensory store, short term store and long term store) and 2 processes (attention and rehearsal). Information first enters the sensory store (also known as sensory memory) directly from the senses. It remains in the sensory store for a maximum duration of around 2 seconds before it decays and is replaced with new information. If information in the sensory store is attended to then it can be passed to the short term store. Around 7 plus or minus 2 chunks of Information (Miller, 1956) can be stored in the short term store (also know as short term memory).
The theory levels of processing was proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972) which rejects the idea of the dual coding theory that was proposed by Paivio (1971). The dual coding theory states that characteristics of memories are determined by either the short term memory store or the long term memory store, whereas the levels of processing theory proposes that information can be processed in multiple ways that depend on the level of depth of processing involved with the memory. For example, a ‘shallow’ memory will lead to a fragile memory trace which in turn is more likely to be forgotten than a memory that is more durable with more meaning. There are three ways in which information can be processed: Structural processing, phonemic processing and sematic processing. Structural and phonemic processing are two forms of shallow processing and sematic processing is a type of deep processing.
After a memory is transferred to the short-term memory store it is in a ‘fragile’ state. This means that if it isn’t rehearsed it will disappear (decay) quite quickly. When a memory
[these require focused attention?] This led to the development of two-process theories; which suggest that automatic and controlled processes operate simultaneously, so that tasks are “automatically” carried [could be considered more of a continuum?] Kahneman (1973, as cited in Edgar, 2007) suggested that there is a central processor within the brain which is of limited capacity and that some information cannot be processed. [there is too much input from our senses to be able to cope with] Kahneman explained how the brain acts as a physical filter and defined attention as mental effort; limited resources being allocated
Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process In my answer, an appraisal will be made weighing up the strengths and limitations on the flashbulb memory theory and how the theory affects the cognitive process of memory. According to the theory, flashbulb memories form in situations where we encounter surprising and highly emotional information. It is maintained by means of overt rehearsal, such as discussion with others, and covert behaviour, such as private rehearsing. Flashbulb memories are different than normal memories as they are more vivid, consistent, and accurate and they last longer. When a flashbulb memory is made, neural mechanism triggers an emotional arousal because the event is important or shocking.
2) BRAIN DAMAGED STUDIES tells us that certain areas of the brain are used when components of working model are getting used so this tells us that tasks need different parts of the brain so they are really separate systems at work this can be seen by MRI scans. 3) Baddley and hitch: as the working model tells us that if were trying to do two tasks at once they need the same system to do it in the working model then our performance will suffer but if using different parts of the working model then it may work. The weaknesses of the working model 1) Central executive has little support. Most of the
Information passes through each stage/store by control processes. The information must pass through all stages in order to get to the end. SENSORY MEMORY The sensory memory receives incoming information. The information it receives is sensual i.e.visual or auditory. The Sensory Memory Store has a limited abilility to store information, any information received will either decay or by taking notice of the information can then continue forward to the (STM).
- analysis is often interpretive and as such is subjective in nature and therefore problematic. - both history and memory can be unreliable, their integration offers a more tangible and trustworthy representation of the past. - the blending of history and memory is empowering; revealing glimpses of the ordinary and
earsal is the process of repeatedly verbalizing, thinking about, or otherwise acting on information in order to keep that information in memory. Maintenance rehearsal is the repetitive review of information with little or no interpretation. Elaborative rehearsal involves repetition in which the stimulus may be associated with other events and be further processed. Elaborative rehearsal exists in the encoding of information within long term memory. Maintenance rehearsal alone is not sufficient for information to be transferred into long-term memory and permanently stored.