How did the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 change the sentencing process for young people? The 1999 Criminal Evidence Act was introduced for the following reasons; to provide for the referral of offenders under 18 to youth offender panels; to make provision in connection with the giving of evidence or information for the purposes of criminal proceedings; to amend section 51 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994; to make pre-consolidation amendments relating to youth justice; and for connected purposes.’ [27th July 1999] The Act is about improving the effectiveness of the youth court and preventing offending by children and young people. This is now the principal aim of the youth justice system. Changes to the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act gave further reforms to the youth court, these changes created a new sentence of referral to a youth offender panel, known as a Referral Order. A Referral Order will be available for young people convicted for the first time and its primary aim is to prevent re-offending.
Discuss the view that some people turn to crime because of their upbringing. Turning to crime by upbringing can be explained by the social, developmental and behaviourist approaches. It can be explained by developmental in Farringtons study of Disrupted Families. Farrington documented the start, duration and end of offending behaviour from childhood to adulthood in families of 411 boys aged 8 and 9. From Farringtons study they concluded that the most important risk factors are criminality in the family and poor child-rearing.
Consider the arguments of nineteenth century social investigators and reformers and their influence both on the legislative process and on the construction of the concept of juvenile delinquency. 3. Finally and by way of a conclusion, briefly discuss the broader social economic and political context of nineteenth century reforms in order to suggest that whilst legislation is important, the claim in the question overstates its significance. The idea that there can be a juvenile delinquent is impossible without the concept of childhood as a distinct phase of individual growth and development. ‘Childhood’ has become a universal category; a status which affords particular rights, for example those outlined in agreements between states such as the universal declaration of the rights of the child.
In addition to restorative justice repairing harm, reducing delinquency in youth at school is an area of restorative justice that should be explored further. The school years have the best chance of diverting delinquent behaviours. Restorative justice has numerous names and takes various forms, and is used in a variety of settings. For instance circles, peacemaking, conferencing, and transformative justice. However, in Australia restorative justice in the form of conferencing is primarily for young offenders.
Youth Criminal Justice Act The Leniency Argument January 2010 The Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), introduced on April 1, 20031 for youth aged 12 – 17, is legislation designed to balance the legalistic framework of the Young Offenders Act (YOA) and the social-needs approach underlying the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA). The Declaration of Principle, which outlines the philosophy of the YCJA, states that “the purpose of the youth criminal justice system is to prevent crime by addressing the circumstances underlying a young person’s offending behaviour, rehabilitate young persons who commit offences and reintegrate them back into society, and ensure that a young person is subject to meaningful consequences for his or her offences, in order to promote the long-term protection of the public”2. The YCJA legislation was developed as a direct response to harsh criticism of the Young Offenders Act (YOA) which it replaced. The YOA had significant issues in terms of lacking a clear and consistent youth justice philosophy, the overuse of incarceration, using the court system for minor offences, unfairness in sentencing, the ineffective reintegration of the offender into society, unfairness in transfers to adult court, no clear distinction between serious violent offences and less serious offences and no sufficient recognition to the interests of the victims.1 While some believe that the YCJA has addressed all of these issues, there are others who believe that our youth justice system has a long way to go to fully take into account the needs of both the victims and offenders. I plan to demonstrate, through this document, that the YCJA is too lenient in dealing with youth crime, particularly where it involves weapons and violence.
During this era members in society began to recognize the developmental difference between the juvenile delinquent and the adult criminal offender. The new focus was on rehabilitating the juvenile and repairing the family in order to assist them in becoming more productive members of society. The juvenile justice system was developed based on a rehabilitative model that would focus on the mitigating factors surrounding the juvenile’s delinquency and ensure the juvenile is provided with the necessary programs to successfully recover their lives. The juvenile justice system would take into account childhood abuse and the child family situation and develop programs designed to change their perception and behavior and assist in restoring the family. While this was the focus of the juvenile justice system
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(8), 1089-1091. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9209-z Mears, Daniel P. (2001). Getting tough with juvenile offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28(2), 206-226. Scott, E. S., & Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescent development and the regulation of youth crime.
PREVENTION OF JUVENILE 1 Prevention of Juvenile Justice Kimberly Burrows CRJ 301 Juvenile Justice Farrell Binder April 21, 2011 PREVENTION OF JUVENILE 2 Juvenile delinquency has a major impact on society in America today. Juvenile delinquency has been increasing over the years. I will discuss the history of juvenile justice and the varying types of prevention, detailed analysis and interventions designed to prevent juvenile delinquency. I will give a comprehensive list and weighing of alternatives, both pros and cons to the interventions/strategies proposed. I will also give a prediction of how juvenile justice prevention and intervention strategies will be handled over the next 2 decades.
The purpose of this paper is to exhibit the major factors of punishing juvenile offenders and the outcome these punishments produce. It is apparent that juvenile crime is a prevalent problem in the United States in which society should not disregard. On the contrary, the dilemma needs to be dealt with in a civilized manner that is in harmony with the universal standards of justice. There is a highly controversial debate regarding juvenile crime and the punishments allocated to the young offenders. However, when a child engages in criminal activity the degree of the sentence received should coincide with offense .The central emphasis of this content is to illustrate the effects of retribution by holding the juvenile justice system responsible for precisely applying the appropriate sanctions toward deserving individuals.
Bullying in Schools Bullying within the school environment is not a new occurrence. Indeed, evidence of this habitual negative act designed to sway the balance of power (Kipp & Shaffer, 2010) between individuals or groups and individuals, has been recorded in early teaching journals (Rigby, 2003). Analytical investigation in to the area, however, could be considered contemporary. Primary research by Olweus in the 1970’s started the process (Berdondini & Liefooghe, 2005), and subsequently, several fields of social interest were identified as relevant to school bullying. This essay will discuss the historical significance of the family in relation to the issue, as well briefly examine the impact of gender.