ISBN 9780691142623. $39.50. Reviewed by Timothy Howe, Saint Olaf College (howe@stolaf.edu) In The last pharaohs, J. G. Manning attempts to bring Ptolemaic Egypt, and the economic policies of the Ptolemaic state, out of isolation from other fields of ancient Mediterranean history. Often seen as "a place apart," especially by classicists focused on Greece and Rome, Ptolemaic Egypt has entered historical conversations tangentially, as a stage for wider Roman policy, for instance, or as a counterpoint to classical, polis civilization. Here, Manning is reacting against the scholarly tendency to assess
Because of the oppression caused by the Hyksos, Egypt now had their first true enemy. Originating from what was known as ‘Retjenu’, the Hyksos retrieved many of their products from Syria-Palestine. Close ties with Crete are also suggested through the discovery of an alabaster lid at Crete with the name of a Hyksos king engraved on it, but we cannot be certain that it was because of trading contacts with Avaris, but instead just made its way indirectly to the Palace of Knossos. Trade with Nubian Kush achieved a unique importance with the Hyksos though, because it was seen as a prominent and flourishing kingdom enriched with fine products that the Hyksos were after. The constant trade and military alliance between Avaris and Nubia easily enabled the two kingdoms to hem in the kingdom of Thebes, causing a war between them.
This led to constant warfare between the leagues formed by the Greek city-states and Macedon. Around 221 BCE, Phillip V of Macedon took power of the Macedonian throne. He was considered to be the last Greek ruler who was militaristically and politically capable of uniting all of Greece. However, in 218 BCE, he allied with Carthage, which was a big mistake to his plans. This led to the breakout of wars between Rome and Macedon in a series of skirmishes.
People became upset with the self-proclaimed dictator and ultimately murdered Julius Caesar. The republican form of government so carefully forged during the Struggle of the Orders crumbled under the stress of civil wars and murder (133). The Roman Empire, therefore, began. The Punic Wars is the most important war because of the changes that occurred causing the Roman Republic to fall and the Roman Empire to endure. The Wars created the largest empire in the world reaching from Europe all the way to Asia and parts of Africa.
ESSAY- Explain how the delian league transformed into the Athenian empire- Plan- intro growing Athenian power in the delian league campaigns to Persia revolts Oath of Challis- combined military and legal system building program no conclusion- Initially there was much goodwill and support towards Athens as she offered hope of liberation from Persia to the cities of Ionia and protection for the islands. However this goodwill declined. After the defeat of Persia at the battle of Eurymedon River, the fear of Persia receded. This made Athens increasingly domineering policies appear imperialistic in intent. The Athenian ownership of the Delos treasury, suppression of revolts as well as the challis decree marks the transformation of the delian league into the Athenian empire.
Due to British and French influence in the area, Britain and France assume dual control of Egypt’s finances. Although they manage to control debt levels, this is done at the expense of the Egyptian public and army. This interference led to an anti - European uprising in 1882 led by Arabi Pasha. On the 13th of September 1882 Sir Garnett Wolseley defeated the Egyptian army, however finding that the Egyptian government was in chaos the British armed forces occupied Egypt to restore stability. This gave Britain a lot of influence over this region which was important as the Suez Canal and therefore trade with India was now secure.
The Suez crisis caused great controversy within Britain and also did a lot to threaten Britain’s world relations, especially with the USA. The Crisis began as a result of Egypt’s Colonel Nasser failing to get funding from the USA for his high dam project which he believed would help Egypt to become a more powerful wealthy nation and bring its industry in line with that of other global powers. Nasser then turned to the Suez Canal for a source of national income. The canal was vital to Britain and France to allow for trade with many eastern countries. Britain had recently removed its troop from the area around the canal, so Nasser decided to nationalise the canal and impose a toll which he could use to fund the dam.
Well, the war's losses caused much distress which led to a group of antidemocratic citizens to overturn the democracy in 411 B.C. Other citizens were not fond of this so they restored the democratic government. Athens continued to fight on and the end came during the last ten years of the war. This is because the actions had moved to the east, along the western coast of Anatolia and its islands; this was known to be the western boundary of the Persian Empire. The Persian Empire had sent money to help the Spartans build a strong navy.
“The pharaoh had absolute power over the Egyptian Empire, its people, and the religion of ancient Egypt” (Ancient Egyptian Government n.p.). The pharaoh’s power would often grow or weaken depending on the religious climate. Usually the pharaoh’s authority would only go up but in some cases he could become less powerful. Sometimes a cult would become extremely powerful leading to the king losing power. In a case like that a pharaoh would destroy that cult’s temples and kill or banish the priests.
How Augustus used Propaganda to maintain his power in Rome. Nehal Housny Professor Jose Gomez-Rivera Western Civilization November 7 , 2013 Augustus was a master of propaganda who employed Ancient and Hellenized Egypt as a means to legitimize his power in Rome after the Battle of Actium. This paper examines the ways in which Augustus molded the people, imagery and religion of Egypt to suit his political needs. This was accomplished through an examination of major Egyptian political figures such as Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, and Cleopatra . The symbolism of their images was altered to enhance Augustus’ standing in Rome.