A change that has happened to childbearing since the 1970's is that over four in ten children are now born outside of marriage, which is five times more than it was in 1971. This means that more children are being born into lone-parent families or cohabilitating families. A reason for this is that there has been a huge decline in the stigma that used to be held over births outside marriage and also a increase in cohabiliatation. An example of this is that only one third of 18-24 year olds think marriage should come before parenthood, meaning that the rise in births outside of marriage is more to do with the increase in cohabilitating couples than it is to do with single parents. Another change that has happened in childbearing since the 1970's is that women are having fewer children and children later in life.
Interestingly in the Rutter study those who were adopted before the age of 6 months tended to show a more marked improvement compared to their older counterparts. This seems to coincide with Schaffer and Emerson’s Glaswegian infant study which showed that children below the age of 6 months treat everything indiscriminately having not formed an attachment. So naturally by definition the Romanian infants below 6 months couldn’t and didn’t suffer privation and so therefore didn’t suffer the effects of it later. However with the Rutter study it is hard to establish cause and effect. Many of the children suffered cognitive deficits but this might have rather been a result of a lack of substantial intellectual stimulation within the institutions as opposed to privation.
On 5 of the 6 tests, the negative effect of having an uncertified TFA teacher was greater than the negative effect of having another kind of uncertified teacher, depressing student achievement by between one-half month to 3 months annually compared to a fully certified teacher with the same experience working in a similar school. TFA teachers’ effectiveness improved when they gained certification. TFA teachers who stayed long enough to obtain standard certification did about as well as other similarly-experienced certified teachers on 4 of 6 measures. Their students did significantly better than those of other certified teachers on the TAAS test in mathematics, but marginally worse on the Aprenda in mathematics. There was no difference on the SAT-9 in mathematics.
Active involvement of women in politics and governance through the ballot has had a profound effect on world politics and finance. For instance, Crawford (2001 45) points to the fact that women are more risk averse than men, a phenomenon attributed to recent government programs limiting certain risks in the current financial crisis. A decade after women started voting, Crawford reports that per-capita government spending doubled as a result of women’s campaigning for more progressive tax regimes and even distribution of wealth. In conclusion, women suffrage has brought gradual but profound changes in all aspects of life. The society will continue experiencing change as a result of increased participation of women in areas of life that were male dominated before.
The late 60's early 70's saw marriages in the UK grow, reaching the highest peak recorded in the history of the UK in 1972 at 480,000, however by 2001 this figure had dropped to 206,000. Along side this, the average age for first marriages rose by seven years between 1971 and 2005, where the figure reached 30 for women and 32 for males. The significant drop in marriage rates over the years is due to many factors. Firstly, the late 60's/early 70's, saw the so-called 'baby-boom' period from the 50's come into effect, after WW2 ended in the early 50's, men where coming back from war, and getting there wife's pregnant, due to not seeing each other for so long etc, this in turn meant that there was a boom period for baby's being born, the late 60's/early 70's where now seeing these baby's, who by this time where in their late teens and early twenties marrying each other at a younger age, than previous generations. This explains why there is such a peak between 1970-1980, a higher birth rate years before meant that there was a higher marriage rate, especially the record figure in 72.
There has been much more political focus on childcare and education in the last 15 years, resulting in a rapid expansion of early years provisions. Influences over the last 15 years have included two key factors:A huge increase in the demand for childcare while parents work – This is mostly due to the fact that around 60 per cent of mothers now return to work outside of the home while their children are under the age of 5. This has been influenced by several factors. Gender equality has greatly improved in schools and in the workplace, resulting in increased academic achievement, career aspirations
WIC serves pregnant women and children under five years old- the ages at which nutricional sufficiency is most critical for brain development and long-term good health. At last count, almost half the nation’s infants were on WIC which serves people up to 185% of the poverty level. If this program were to be cut, it would affect the poor that already run low on resources and nutritional direction. A number of studies have shown that WIC is associated with better birth outcomes for at-risk populations. WIC has also repeatedly shown to return well- every dollar spent on WIC reduces health care and other costs between 1.77 and 3.50.
Sarah also provides reason for the high increase over the past decade in off-street prostitution, stating that the underlying problem is a result of the significant increase in tuition over the past decade. Sarah goes further to analyze that over the last nine years, “tuition fees in Canada have raised on average by 126 percent, far more rapidly than inflation and the minimum wage.” Statistical analysis compiled by Sarah also indicates that currently about half of the student population graduates with an average debt load of twenty-five thousand dollars, up from only eight thousand back in 1990. As a result, many of the women she interviewed we’re having trouble paying tuition due to minimum wage jobs not meeting their financial needs. Throughout the essay, Sarah Schmidt also outlines the need for police to crack down on this type prostitution, criticizing that the legal enforcement primarily focuses on street prostitution only; thus keeping a blind eye on the form of prostitution that’s ever increasing amongst
Cain uses inductive reasoning when she quotes “According to the U.S Census Bureau, in 1993 there were 34.9 million American families that were childless and only 33.3 million families with a child under the age of 18 (488).” Cain uses this example to prove to the reader that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of childless women over the past 30 years. Cain also uses deductive reasoning throughout her essay. For example, Cain quotes David Pearce Snyder from The Futurist Magazine “Our reasons for having children have changed over time. Whereas in earlier days children were needed to support a family, social safety nets have taken care of those needs (489).” By quoting another person, Cain shows the reader that the principle of her claim is also accepted by other people. Cain convinces the reader that not only she believes what she is arguing, but others also believe the same
Baby Boom After World War II had drawn to a close, the United States experienced an unexpected population growth that to this day has shaped the social and political landscape of the country. Known as the baby boom, this population expansion took place between the years 1946 and 1964 with the peak occurring in 1957 with a baby born every seven seconds. The birthrate added more than 50 million babies by the end of the 1950s. In the 1950s, manufacturers of baby products reaped huge profits due to exceptionally high demand. Baby food, furniture, and toys were flying off store shelves at a record pace.