Running head: THE MEMORY PROCESS The Memory Process Patanisha Andrews Psych/550 May 2, 2011 Gaston Weisz The Memory Process The basic memory process is encoding information into memory. Memory is the ability to encode, store and recall information. The three main processes of memory involve encoding, storage and recall. The three types of codes are acoustic (sounds), visual (images or pictures) and semantic (meaningful). Memory is stored and retained overtime then the information is retrieved from the memory when needed.
These include encoding, retrieval strategies and rehearsal. Rehearsal is an important process because information can be circulated within the short term memory which will be passed on to the long term memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model arose from research studies and evidence. The first process in the MSM is the sensory memory. This process stats with stimuli coming into the memory system from the environment and registers at the sensory store, which hold the information for a fraction of a second after the physical stimulus is no longer available.
There are two types of rehearsal: Maintance rehearsal and Elaborate Rehearsal. Maintance rehearsal is when you repeat something over and over to keep it in your STM. Elobrative rehearsal is when you rehearse something in detail and it goes into your LTM, after it has entered your LTM there is a unlimted capacity and duration however if information is not learnt properly in the first place it can decay/interface. information can also be retrieved back to the STM when needed. Evidenece supporting the MSM comes from Squire et al(1992) who noticed when long term memory is engaged the hippocampus was active but when the short term memory was engaged the prefrontal lobes were active.
Language and cognitive psychology phenomenon is that the new levels of cognitive psychology are reached and understood so should the levels of the different languages. If language has not changed and developed then mankind would have not developed and became civilized species. Language and cognitive psychology really do go hand in hand because both language and cognitive psychology deal with memory and thoughts with a prominence on the mental processes to think and inform those
The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974) as an alternative to the multi-store model of memory. It has been developed to directly challenge the concept of a single unitary store for short-term memories. The working memory model is based upon the findings of the dual-task study and suggests that there are four separate components to our working memory (STM). The most important component is the central executive; it is involved in problem solving/decision-making. It also controls attention and plays a major role in planning and synthesizing information, not only from the subsidiary systems but also from LTM.
The cognitive interview has two basic principles, one is that there are several memory retrieval paths to each memory, and the other is that, the use of retrieval cues enables access to various features of the memory. It was decided by Fisher in 1987 that frequently bombarding closed-ended questions that were brief and continuously interrupting the witness, doesn’t allow them to freely recall the situation, which is why the cognitive interview is now frequently used instead. There are four techniques which are considered when carrying out a cognitive interview. The first is context reinstatement, mentally revisiting the scene, recalling every last detail the witness can of the scenario. The second is to report absolutely everything, every last minute detail possible, no matter how trivial it may seem, without interruptions.
Explain how Sternberg could use response time from the different memory set size conditions to infer about what goes on in short-term memory. * Sternberg could use the different response times from the various set size conditions to infer the process of recalling information from our short-term memory by correlating the memory set size to response time. By doing so he can determine whether or not reaction times increase or decrease given a small or large memory set size. Additionally this experiment illustrates this theory and shows that a larger memory set will increase reaction times. * 2a) Read through the Background section in your CogLab manual to help you write an explanation of a self-terminating search of short-term memory.
The first stage is to ‘sift’ the data. Sit down, in your collaborative group, and together skim over the data picking out significant points or interesting ideas. If several people come up with a point, or several are particularly interested in a point, note it down. You should aim for 3 or 4 themes. Then construct the matrix.
Outline and evaluate the working memory model (12 marks) Baddeley and Hitch proposed that memory has 4 components. The central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer. The central executive decides how to share out and direct attention to incoming information. The phonological loop can be thought of as a maintenance rehearsal mechanism for retaining verbal information. It is sub-divided into two other components, the phonological store (inner ear), which holds acoustically coded information, and the articulatory process (inner voice), which allows for sub vocal rehearsal (words you are about to say).
(Baddeley 2003). The model proposed by Baddeley & Hitch is said to have four components, the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive and the episodic buffer .My aim is to outline the working memory model and present the benefits it has on immediate memory. I will then explain the major disadvantage of the model. “Within cognitive psychology, the concept of working memory represents a modification and extension of an earlier concept of short term memory” (Baddeley,1996), this being the multi-store model that Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed. The model proposed that information ran through a fixed sequence, playing a vital role in learning and understanding.