Witchcraft and Salem

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Witchcraft and Salem Witchcraft in general, and Salem in particular, have long been a focus of interest and study in American history. The circumstances triggering witchcraft accusations in the Salem witchcraft trials and the longevity of those trials are a long standing subject of debate. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman, by Carol Karlsen, examines witchcraft as a complicated, religiously lead, male dominated social structure. Women were held in dual roles, subservient to, and agents of spiritual leadership, using events in Salem as one aspect of a global analysis to promote a feminist view of female persecution by a patriarchal and Puritanical social system prompted by fear of social change in gender relationships. In Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft, a study of the events of Salem specifically, Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum minutely examine the economic byplay of the Salem Village inhabitants, unearthing social tensions while also detailing the personal histories of the leaders. Both of these monographs reveal new perspectives when examining the primary evidence of these events. Boyer and Nissenbaum specifically focus on the Salem episode, using a plethora of court documents and tax records to map out a prior economic and religious leadership division, primarily in Salem Village, including the controlling Salem Town. Karlsen, on the other hand, delves into the overall concept of witchcraft by puzzling together the roles of women in the highly religious structure of the communal Puritan communities, while still using some of the same primary resources that Boyer and Nissenbaum use to help explain the vulnerability of women in the era. Both monographs use data analysis of documented public information for support, but arrive at alternative conclusions. Karlsen goes beyond economics, proffering a

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