From this emerged a number of evident figures such as Guiseppe Mazzini who were advocates for Italian Unification. However, the significance of Mazzini has been questioned and it could be argued that the limited appeal of his ideas were the main reason for the slow progress of national unity in Italy. Although, it could also be said that there were additional reasons such as regionalism, restored monarchies and the power of Austria that possessed more prominent effects. Guiseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy. He strived for the unity of Italy as a whole peninsula that had a republican democracy.
Similar to the Carbonari groups, it was planned as a youth movement for the whole peninsula so had the potential to gain widespread and active support. It is worthwhile knowing that he was the father of nationalism and inspired Giuseppe Garibaldi’s nationalistic fervour. It was the genius of Garibaldi which catalysed unification in 1866. Garibaldi – inspired by Mazzini – could not have led his 1000 troops to the south of Italy in 1866 without Mazzinian teachings so deeply entrenched into him since being part of Young Italy. Mazzini was a prolific publicist continually publishing letters and articles and was feted by many European liberals.
Nationalism was very important as regards to the unification of Italy. It played various roles which led to success of the Italian unification, which means that nationalism is the main reason the unification of Italy occurred. The unification of Italy was as a result of the reaction against the congress of Vienna. The congress of Vienna forced direct Austrian rule in many Italian states. Unification also led to economic development and was thereby supported by conservative Politicians.
In 1485 he furthered his studies at the most important centre of Scholastic philosophy and theology, the University of Paris, as he astonished fellow scholars with his precocious learning. He created strong bonds with Lorenzo de Medici and Marsilio Ficino and remained under Lorenzo’s protection as he managed to impress them both with his philosophical ideas. Pico was one of the first to resurrect the humanism of ancient Greek philosophy. During his time there were many changes, events, and many movements that occurred that profoundly affected European society. The defining change of the Renaissance was humanism, a literary movement that began in Italy during the fourteenth century.
Liberalism promotes equity and opportunity for the individual while fascism is all about the greater good and support of the establishment. When we look closer however, we begin to see a good many similarities. Both are reactionary ideologies, coming about as a response to some sort of perceived flaw in the current socioeconomic system. Explanation: Liberalism found its beginnings as a reactionary ideal to the feudalistic inequities of medieval Europe. During this time period, religious conformity and ascribed status dictated where and how a person was to live and what they could do with their lives.
“To what extent was the unification of Italy due to the weakness of Austria?” Throughout Europe between 1815 and 1848 swept feelings of nationalism and a desire for unification, including the states collectively known as Italy. This lack of identity was underlined when Count Metternich said “Italy is just a geographical expression.” Nationalism promoted the belief in one language, one culture and the pride in one’s identity. Before unification, life in Italy was frustrating for those who wanted unification. The North and the South states were economically different; the pope influenced the central states. Nevertheless, the process began from 1861 and by 1871 boundaries had been settled.
By examining the personalities of each of the palace’s residents it makes it clear to see why they added certain elements such as art and décor and animals. In addition to the personality quirks the contributed to the palace, Dunlop also observes the château’s architecture. An important fact to note is that the Château de Versailles is not considered old by European standards. However, once it was completed “than every ruler in Europe, from the Mediterranean to the Baltic, wanted a copy of it.” Dunlop goes on to say that this type of undertaking made France the cultural center of Europe just as Italy was during the Renaissance. Dunlop begins with King Louis XIV.
Mussolini’s economic battle for the Lira was a failure, although it did have a few positive outcomes. The battle for the Lira was where Mussolini made the Lira artificially expensive- by fixing the Lira at 90 to £, rather than 150. Mussolini planned for this action to reduce inflation and show the world that Italy was a mighty power. And indeed there were a few positive outcomes: that it made it easy for Italians to buy abroad and perhaps boosted Italy’s prestige. However, in reality it made it hard for Italy to sell abroad (due to the higher prices), so Italy lost its competitiveness on the world market.
The art form known as Opera had originated in Italy in the early sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, even though it put the squeeze on older traditions of medieval and Renaissance courtly entertainment. The word opera, meaning "work" in Italian, was first used in the modern musical and theatrical sense in 1639 and soon spread to the other European languages. The earliest operas were unassertive productions compared to other Renaissance forms of sung drama, but they soon became more extravagant and took on the remarkable staging of the earlier genre known as intermedio. The earliest operas, including Claudio Monteveredi’s Orpheus were performed in private theatres at the courts of nobility and royals. The first public opera house opened in Venice, Italy in 1637, and by the eighteenth century public doors began charging the public for admission into these opera houses.
d. Gutenberg: invented Printing Press; e. Petrarch: Important writer and poet who spread Humanism, the Renaissance. 2. The Renaissance occurred in Italy because 3 main reasons: #1 - National rivalries: In this time, Humanism appeared in Italy and it affected and made differences between the development of Italy and other Europe countries following Scholasticism. Humanism centralized in human-being and then it supported more and more scientific and artistic invention discovering. #2- Close link with the classical Past: Italy in that time located on the coast so that the culture and history were affluent in a long time.