Fresh legislation restricting freedom of speech, writing and assembly was passed from 1792 to 1801, to reinforce these new laws the yeomanry were called in to reinforce these new laws. In 1792, two royal proclamations were issued against seditious writing such as the rights of man written by Tom Paine. These gave the home office the power to monitor the activities of the radical societies by using spies as well as other methods such as opening letters. However the home offices resources were very limited with staff of less than 25. In 1794 Pitt moved against English radicals.
Pitt the reformer became Pitt the reactionary. A major issue for Pitt was certainly that it was going to be difficult for him to take much physical action on the radicals before they actually did anything against the law. In hindsight, we can see how that one of Pitt’s first repressive policies; the suspension of Habeas Corpus, in 1794, gave him more freedom to take control of quelling the threat without going against his own laws. What this policy also installed into the radicals was that now there would be a serious threat of them being sent to prison if they continued their actions; prompting a lowering of support by those who were not truly passionate for the cause. Secondly, another two key repressive policies of William Pitt were the ‘Two Acts’, the Seditious Meetings Act and Treasonable Act, both of 1795.
However, this only lasted for 3 months and changed when Henry’s son Edward IV was born, resulting in Richard not being able to claim the title of heir. Over the next few years, both the Yorkists and the Lancastrians built up their forces. But in 1459, 4 years after Richard lost his position as Captain lieutenant of Calais, as Henry Beaufort Duke of Somerset was appointed Captain of Calais, Richard then turned his efforts on two plans; getting rid of Somerset and becoming king. This also lead to the Yorkists being defeated at Ludford Bridge, whilst York, Salisbury and
Necker put a stop to the rebellion in the Dauphiné by legalizing its assembly, and then set to work to arrange for the summons of the Estates-General of 1789. He advocated doubling the representation of the Third Estate to satisfy the people. But he failed to address the matter of voting — rather than voting by head count, which is what the people wanted, voting remained as one vote for each estate. Also, his address at the Estates-General was terribly miscalculated: it lasted for hours, and while those present expected a reforming policy to save the nation, he gave them financial data. This approach had serious repercussions on Necker's reputation; he appeared to consider the Estates-General to be a facility designed to help the administration rather than to reform
Legislatures took Governors’ powers—appointed judges, veto power, governors subject to impeachment. Also made legislature more responsive to the people—governors don’t pick council, some allowed voters to pick assembly AND council, Penn/Georgia made a unicameral legislature. Back then, Democracy was considered as mob rule—concentration of power in hands of uneducated, general public. In Mass., an elite-dominated convention made property qualifications for voting/running for office more stiff. This trend spread south—Georgia/Penn.
In one of his most well known works “Letters concerning the English nation”, Voltaire contrasts the overbearing French government with the English government. He believed that the French government had more social barriers that kept the lower classes from ever moving up or getting rich through hard work. Instead, people were stuck in the class that they were born into. Voltaire could see that the government inherently favored the aristocracy and wrote "In general, the art of government consists in taking as much money as possible from one class of citizens to give to the other. "(Dictionnaire Philosophique) The French government did their best to keep Voltaire's writings out of the hands of the common people, however his views and philosophies became widely known in France.
With a lack of communication on both sides and an unhappy country, it would have been very difficult to govern such a hostile environment as no members of public would have followed the laws or asks of their leader. Finally, the diverse economy makes laws very hard to put into place because certain introductions are going to benefit some whilst disadvantaging others e.g. The introduction of taxes for the rich to pay for the peasants would not have gone down well with some, but helped others back into a quality of life. For the above reasons, Russia was extremely hard to govern in the 19th Century. “Why was Russia so hard to govern in the 19th Century?” Russia was so hard to govern in the 19th Century due to the political situation, angry people and diverse economy.
It was not the strength of the opposing forces, both liberal and conservative, but rather the stubbornness of Wilson that led to the defeat in the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson himself was an incredibly stubborn man and was the main reason the treaty failed in his hands. His inability to compromise caused him to loose support within the Democratic Party, thus resulting in the Senate defeat of the
Mao criticised Khrushchev for his policies such as de-Stalinisation and his secret speech. He was also very critical of the policy of Peaceful Coexistence as he believed it was a way of being friendly with the United States (the enemy) and also Mao saw it abandoning millions of comrades struggling to free themselves of capitalist and imperialist oppression. This, therefore, made the USSR an ‘enemy’. How could two countries work together if they had such differing beliefs about how to run their countries? This problem had a big contribution to the split as they couldn’t agree on anything, and if they did, it was because their national interests were at risk.
Why was an Estates-General called in 1789? (10 marks) Estates General was an ancient French body which gave a chance for each estate to voice their opinions and various grievances and also to suggest new reforms to take place. August 1788, Louis XVI summoned for an Estates General to take place on the 4th of May, 1789. The estate General had not taken place since the 1614 and so the announcement was seen as a big deal at the time. There were various factors behind on why the Estates General was called in 1789 but the two main factors can be seen as the critical financial crisis in France and also the failure of reforms.