Henry VIII vs. John Calvin in the Protestant Reformation In the sixteenth century, stood the reformation of the Catholic Church in Western Europe. While the main focus was an internal renovation of the church, the outcome was much different than expected; the reformation led to a revolt against and an abandonment of principal Christian belief. The difference in the view and act of oneself was different from individual to individual during the reformation. While Calvin left for Geneva in 1536 from France because of the fear of persecution for the publically spread beliefs of his about the Church to the people, Henry VIII had manipulated the church for a way to receive a new wife in hopes for his first son. Different motivation stands for each of these people in what they did for the reformation.
How far was the outbreak of civil war in 1455 due to the loss of English territories in France? In his public announcements of 1450, 1452 and 1455 York proved his loyalty to the king by saying that he did not wish “to displease my sovereign lord”. He was also constantly claiming that his opposition against the king was because of his rivalry with Somerset. York even knelt before Henry after St.Albans in an attempt to prove his loyalty to him. The loss of English territories in France was the main cause of York’s hatred of Somerset and worsened the relationship between Henry and York, whose relationship was already strained because of the court faction’s suspicions of York’s intentions and fears of attainder.
Why did the Roman authorities persecute the Church? 17. What were the principle reasons for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire in western Europe? *Some of the reasons for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire were Barbarian invasions, disease, too large of an Empire to govern and protect, everyone tried to be a leader (constitutional crisis), and it does not happen everywhere. 18. Who was Charlemagne and what title did the pope bestow on him?
Henry was supported and manipulated by William de la Pole, Edmund Beaufort and his French wife, Margaret of Anjou. His uncle Humphrey Duke of Gloucester and Richard Duke of York were opposed to Henry’s “peace at any price policy”. The unhappiness with the Kings rule can be reflected in Cade’s Rebellion in 1450, representing the frustration with the weak king. Though however, it was not this rebellion that lead to the outbreak of conflict. Henrys weakness was obvious, and his power was easily harnessed by those at court, in particular by his favourites, the Beaufort family and William de la Pole.
The Crusades were a series of holy wars fought between the Christian and the Muslim for control of Jerusalem and the area near it. However, while salvation and redemption in the eyes of God were major reasons for starting these crusades as seen in doc. 1 and 2 which promise absolution of the sins of the fighters, there were many secular reasons for fighting the Crusades which include possessing more prosperous land which is exemplified in doc. 6 and 7. Doc.
Chapter 27 summary It was expected that the influence which Luther left in England would remain, but King Henry VIII who reigned until his death in 1547, was a bitter enemy of the reformed faith. He had no love to the Protestant doctrine and worship. He had received permission from the pope to marry Catherine of Aragon after the death of her previous husband, Henry’s brother. But, his love for her decreased as she failed to give birth to a living son for the heir to the kingdom. Henry asked the Pope to declare that the papal permission given him to marry Catherine was contrary to the law of God and that he wasn’t truly married to her, but the pope wouldn’t give in.
The influence of Somerset came to an end in 1550, having been overthrown due to the rebellions in the West and in Norfolk which had led to unemployment discontent amongst the people and high prices for food stuffs. He was replaced by the Duke of Northumberland who headed up the Regency Council. His initial attention was focused on resolving the problem of making peace with both Scotland and France – both countries had been at war with England and to gain the support of Edward in solving this problem he allowed increasingly radical reforms to be introduced into the Church of England. Laws were passed to make churches plainer. Catholic churches were rich in decorations and colour.
The Muslims had established their rule which the Christians saw as a direct threat to their religious interests and ideology. Therefore, the Europeans believed that by invading Jerusalem they would accomplish their religious goals which was to put back Jerusalem under their control. The Crusades had negative effects on the Muslims because they were depicted as savages and heathens, and this also made them become more angry and fierce towards Europeans and non Muslims. It would have been difficult for them to convert other people if they viewed them as savages and heathens. Usmah Ibn Munqidh (1175) noted “he cannot but glorify Allah and sanctify him, for he sees them as animals possessing the virtues of courage and fighting, but nothing else; just as animals have only the virtues of strength and carrying loads.” Muslim rule was very prosperous in Spain and the Middle East, but the Roman Catholic Church could not accept the fact that Jerusalem was being ruled by non Christians.The Muslims had the suspicion that Europeans wanted to colonize their territories and to take away their possessions and resources.
There was a period where the aggressive and hostile papacy came into conflict with empires and monarchs that led to the East-West Schism of 1054. The papacy made strides to gain its independence from secular rulers. This was helped by the fact that the church was marshalling for the use of armed forces by Christians. The result of this was very intense and led to the increase in Christian piety and the interest of taking the Palestine from Muslims using the notion of “Just War”. The core of this school of thought was that non-Christians needed not to be forced to accept the religion or should they be physically humiliated for having a different faith apart from Christianity.
FRANKISH RESPONSIBILITY • the weak leadership and power vacuum provided by King Baldwin III and his mother Melisende • divisions over crusade aims between King Louis, Count Raymond and Count Joscelin • the events at the council of Acre in June 1148 and divisions between the Palestinian lords and the crusaders the decision to attack Damascus, an ally of Jerusalem and the events of the siege. LACK OF BYZANTINE HELP • the difficulties faced by Louis and Conrad crossing Anatolia, lack of byzantine guides and supplies • Manuel’s relationship with the sultanate of Rum events at Dorylaeum and Attalia. LACK OF CLEAR AIMS • Unlike the First Crusade with its focus on Jerusalem, the Second Crusade included expeditions in the Iberian Peninsula and against the Wends on the Baltic coast – it simply attempted too much. Edessa lacked the earlier resonance of Jerusalem in the First Crusade. The call was to save the Holy Land, generally defined.