20 days later the same experiment took place with a rabbit, which purposely was not white like the rat yet he still had the same reactions towards it as he did with the white rat. This continued with many other random objects with fur and no fur. After all these tests, Watson and Rayner were prepared to present the notion that it was possible to train a child to fear something he/she wouldn’t usually fear. In this case the rat began by being the neutral stimulus and over time became the conditioned stimulus. Since the conditioned fear lasted after 31 days they claimed it might last for Albert’s whole life.
After a couple of tests Albert started to show signs of fear and began crying when the rat was presented to him without any sound. There are three terms related to classical conditioning namely, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. In order to proceed we must know about them briefly. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is one that unconditionally, naturally, and
After this, loud noises were then tested to see if this would strike fear in the child. When hitting a steel bar with a hammer to create a loud sound, the scientists noticed this had caused a negative reaction in Albert. Hitting the bar the first time caused his breathing to speed up. Hitting the bar the second time caused his lips to tremble and hitting the bar the third time caused him to cry. The scientists then brought the animals in to see if they could transfer the fear into the child when they were presented.
For instance, psychologists try to explain results by using well-accepted theories instead of elaborate new hypotheses. Parsimony prevents psychologists from inventing and pursuing outlandish theories. In the book on page 15 figure 1.3 it shows a direct and an indirect way to relate an independent variable, hours of deprivation, to a dependent variable, rate of bar pressing. The dependent variable is obtained by placing a rat into a small chamber where it can press a bar to obtain drinking water. The experimenter observes the rate (how many presses per minute) at which the rat presses the bar to get water.
Alampay and Bugelski (as cited by Chandler, 1961) conducted a famous experiment which showed the effects of perceptual set. Participants were shown an ambiguous image of a rat/face after having been shown a set of images depicting faces or a set of images depicting animals. The results showed that when shown images of animals 100% of the participants perceived the stimulus as a rat compared to 19% of the control group perceiving rats without prior visual stimulus. Another experiment conducted by Leeper (as cited by Chandler, 1935) used a famous ambiguous image which showed both an old woman and a young woman. Leeper morphed the image to be biased towards showing mainly the young woman or mainly the old woman.
An example of him trying to cure this disease is in his laboratory he has multiple rats that he is working on, he always has a human trying to be cured, and he has pictures of all of all the zombies that did not make it through testing. II. Symbolic Archetype For the symbolic Archetype of I am Legend I chose lightness vs. darkness. Light usually stands for hope and intellectual illumination, while darkness represents the unknown and ignorance. This is the battle between good and evil.
this creates tension because dogs are known to have a six’s sense, where they can sense abnormality and potentially the supernatural. as fearless as dogs are, spider has evidently been frightened about the mysterious presence in the room, which makes it more terrifying for the reader. the
Experiments conducted by Calhoun (1962) involved the overcrowding of rat populations which gave rise to killing, assault and cannibalism. Overcrowding can increase negative effects such as irritation, discomfort and frustration brought about by the feeling that personal space is being invaded. However this feeling of invasiveness varies between cultures – what is considered unacceptable in western culture is not necessarily true
Watson examined how an 11 month year old boy would respond to loud sounds cause child to be feared (Watson, 1920, pg. 3, 1-14). Watson ran some test on toward Albert with white rat rabbit, dog, monkey, mask, wool, burning newspaper and other items. The goal was Watson wanted to establish a condition response. Using white rats as Albert touch it then bar was struck Albert would cry.
According to B.F. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning, is punishment of unwanted behaviors or reinforcement of good behaviors more effective in childrearing? B.F. Skinner believed that it is more productive to study behaviors that can be observed rather than mental thinking, and therefore created his theory of operant conditioning. In 1938 when Skinner coined the term operant conditioning he stated that it means roughly changing behaviors by the use of reinforcement, which is given after the desired response1. Reinforcement is the strengthening of behaviors by either adding to a situation or removing something from a situation. Skinner studied the effects both positive and negative reinforcement had on rats.