A US multinational company is required to report its financial results in US dollars. How does this create currency exchange risk for the company? What is the term which most accurately describes this particular risk? a. Currency risk- if unexpected changes in currency values affect the value of the firm 4.
The four fundamental factors that affect the cost of money are production opportunities, time preferences for consumption, risk, and expected inflation. k. What are some economic conditions (including international aspects) that affect the cost of money? Some economic conditions are budgets deficits, federal reserve policies, budget surpluses, level of business activity and international trade deficits or surpluses. The international aspects are country risk and exchange rate
Many economists believe “that a rapid stock of the nation’s money causes inflation” (pg.169). The rate of inflation can affect borrowing power for a new business owner as, “the rate of inflation expected by the borrower and the lender will be influence by various interest rates” (pg. 169). When inflation is high, many lenders interest rate increase to compensate for the impact inflation has on their business and the decrease in purchasing power of money that has to be paid back in the future. Since, the FED set the interest rate in which the banks borrow from, Edgars’ ability to borrow enough money or establish a line of credit to start his business will be affected by inflation, interest rate and financial policies.
Monetary policies influence and are influenced by international developments, including exchange rates, and based on these market conditions the U.S. government can make strategic changes to these policies to maintain the country’s economic stability (full employment, stable growth and price stability). For example if Federal Reserve actions raised U.S. interest rates, the foreign exchange value of the dollar generally would rise. An increase in the foreign exchange value of the dollar, in turn, would raise the price in foreign currency of U.S. goods traded on world markets and lower the dollar price of goods imported into the United States (Federal Reserve, 2005). By restraining exports and boosting imports, these developments could lower output and price levels in the U.S. economy and control or lower
Introduction The Federal Reserve makes many decisions which can alter the course an economy takes. The Reserve has quite a bit of influence on how an economy recovers from both recessions and rising inflation due to extreme growth. A closer look will be made at the importance and function of money and how the central bank manages a nation’s monetary system. An explanation will be made to show what effects the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy has on the economy’s production and employment. Finally, a look inside the most recent Chairman’s Report will explain what direction the Reserve has decided to move in regards to monetary policy.
The basic ideas of the monetary policy and economic stabilization policy were foreign at the time, dating only from John Maynard Keynes' work in 1936 (Keynes, 2011). These rates influence financial conditions in the household and the ability to secure and spend more money. Short-term rates alter borrowing costs for firms, households, and the spending circulation cycle is affected. Movements in short-term directly affect long-term notes such as bonds and mortgages. These factors indicate current and future values of the short-term rates, therefore it creates issue with future long-term rates.
This is an implausible trend on the Balance sheet that BDO should have investigated further, especially with Leslie Fay’s outstanding Income Statement. 2.) First of all I would want to investigate vendor and customer accounts to reconcile payable and receivable amounts. Also, I would obtain bank statements and other lines of credit since the long term debt to equity ratio shows the company being highly leveraged.
3/20/2012 Man 4720.0085 Ocala | Cortney Fountain | Ford Motor Co. | 10K | PESTLE Forces: 1. Political: “In 2012, concerns persist regarding the debt burden of certain of the countries that have adopted the euro currency (Euro area countries) and the ability of these countries to meet future financial obligations, as well as concerns regarding the overall stability of the euro and the suitability of the euro as a single currency given the diverse economic and political circumstances of individual Euro area countries. If a country within the Euro area were to default on its debt or withdraw from the euro currency, or- in a more extreme circumstance- the euro currency were to be dissolved entirely, the impact on markets around the world, and on Ford’s global business, could be immediate and significant. Such a scenario- or the perception that such a development may be imminent- could adversely affect the value of our euro-denominated assets and obligations. In addition, such a development could cause financial and capital markets within and outside Europe to constrict, thereby negatively impacting our ability to finance our business, and also could cause a substantial dip in consumer confidence and spending that could negatively impact sales of vehicles.
How is money created? Money is created by the Federal Reserve Bank (a U.S. “central” bank) at certain times or taken out of the economy at certain times to create a favorable balance that enables economic growth, low inflation, and a reasonable rate of unemployment. The monetary policy is deliberately changed to “influence interest rates and the total level of spending in the economy” (McConnell & Brue, 2004). Spread between the DR (discount rate) and FFR (federal funds rate). If the spread is positive, the banks will “always” borrows from other banks.
Consequently, the dollar value of an MNC’s future payables and receivables position in a foreign country can change substantially in response to exchange rate movements. One obvious way in which most MNC’s are exposed to exchange rate risk is through contractual transactions that are invoiced in foreign countries. MNC’s can measure their transaction exposure by determining their future payables and receivables positions in various currencies, along with the volatility levels and correlations of these currencies. From this information, they can assess how their revenue and costs may change in response to various exchange rate scenarios [ (Madura, 2012)