How Liberal were the policies of the Tory party from 1822-1830? Some historians have argued that Liverpool’s government was very reactionary and made very few reforms. But they don’t consider, in particular, Liverpool’s alterations to the prison system and the Combination Acts, having said that the absence of a Liberal party makes it difficult to really characterise the policies introduced by the government in the context of the era. Our judgement is made more difficult by the conflicting motivations of some of the reforms, for example the passing of Catholic penal laws may’ve been liberal in effect but the motivation behind it was very much conservative. So I would have to say that the policies were mostly Tory throughout this period although as I’ve said, there are a number of mitigating factors which could hinder this judgement.
The princes supported Lutheranism and helped spread his ideas, one reason being for material gain. They could take over Church lands or use the money for the benefit of their subjects, for example Philip of Hesse used 65% of his revenues for charitable deeds and the upkeep of the Lutheran Church. Another reason is for independence, for example Frederick of Saxony may have wanted to demonstrate his independence and authority as a Prince since he defied the
There are many ways that Gladstone’s First Ministry could be considered to be successful. Firstly, Gladstone had a passion to pacify Ireland, this was because he feared other countries would use Ireland as an invasion base to attack Britain. Also Irish nationalists called Fenians tried to seize power of churches, which lead to the ‘Disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Ireland 1869’ The terms of the act allowed the church to govern itself as it was no longer legally established by parliament. It was seen as so liberal it was radical and extended the principal of religious liberalism to Ireland. Another successful act passed involving Ireland was the ‘Irish Land Act 1870’ Tenants were now given compensation for eviction and there were limitations of landlord power, it was a step to improving Ireland, even though it was not as successful as the previous act, and had more opposition as Irish nationalists wanted British landlords to leave Ireland completely.
Despite starting on opposite sides of the political spectrum, the proposed statement that President Herbert Hoover was a conservative and President Franklin D Roosevelt was a liberal is largely accurate; evident in their policies toward dealing with the Great Depression. Herbert Hoover won the presidential election in 1928, right before the beginning of the Great Depression. Contrary to the conservative policies Hoover enforced during his presidency; Hoover’s campaign was largely focused on his more liberal ideologies, such as avoiding a laissez faire economic system and regulating business (Doc A). Hoover’s initial liberal agenda appealed to the public and helped him win in 1928. However, when the stock market crashed in 1929, President Hoover was faced with the challenges of helping the United States recover from a severe economic depression.
Balfour’s position as Conservative prime minister after Salisbury’s death in 1902 did not help the Conservative cause. Although he was highly intelligent, Balfour lacked political skills. He was not as sensitive to public opinion as Salisbury, proved indecisive on tariffs and seriously miscalculated the reaction of the working class on key issues. Balfour had piloted the 1902 Education Act through parliament and so incurred the hostility of the nonconformists. He failed to foresee the anger that both the Chinese labour issue and his refusal to reverse Taff Vale would cause amongst British working men.
Immediately we can see he his motives of trying to introduce The Great Reform Act as great number of Liberal voters consisted of working class (famers and miners). The believe was also that people that would benefit from the act would simply feel obligated to vote Liberal to show their gratefulness. Some historians argue that Gladstone decided to introduce the act in order to strengthen the Liberal party, as some radical members were simply making chaos and disorder on the Liberal side. At that time Gladstone was also busy trying to pacify Ireland, and the Great Reform Act would give Irish farmers that were mainly Catholic the vote. Salisbury however realised the potential of the Act, and he simply couldn’t afford for the Liberal party to gain strength and have such a damaging impact on the Conservatives, therefore he proposed a deal.
To what extent did the French people benefit from the reforms during the consulate? ESSAY PLAN FOR REVISION INTRODUCTION (KEEP IT BRIEF) * Many historians debate about whether the French public benefited from the reforms during the consulate or whether they were purely there to put forth the image of a democratic France. * Reforms during the consulate involved the economy, education, government, religion and the civil code. * Some say these reforms aided the French public, others argue Napoleon’s reasons were purely selfish and did not aid the public at all. * Napoleon bought stability which inevitably benefitted everyone after the chaos of the revolution FIRST PARAGRAPH (FACTOR IN THE QUESTION....IF THERE ISN’T ONE, START WITH MOST IMPORTANT) * Religious reforms (most important as it showed Napoleon exercising religious toleration) * Benefitted everyone, including the poor, peasants were very religious and had been afraid of the prospect of hell after the French revolution had effectively wiped out religion in France; therefore, when Napoleon introduced the concordat in 1801, the peasants were happy with the reinstating of Catholicism in France.
By using my own knowledge, I will be assessing how far all the Sources will support the interpretation that the reforms of 1868-74 were designed to satisfy interest groups which supported the liberal party. I am going to explore on the Irish Church Disestablishments, 1870 Education Acts, 1872 Licensing Act, as well as the Trade Union reforms. Gladstone attempted to satisfy the needs of the liberal interest groups, this can be seen in Source A where Matthew Arnold says that “the Liberal party is not trying to disestablish the Irish Church by the power of reason and justice but by the power of the Nonconformists’ hatred of Church establishments” this would mean that Matthew Arnold believed that the key interest group that were to be satisfied
Although these acts were small additions that did try to improve the conditions of the working class, they did seem half-hearted each had their own setbacks. The public health reform act was a step forward but lacked what was truly needed: new medicines, vaccinations, more doctors etc. Though in general the quality of food improved, the adulteration of food continued as the government failed to persuade local authorities to appoint food analysts, and the river pollution act though decreasing some pollution simply failed to achieve what it was initially intended to do, because local authorities didn’t want to charge their local businesses for putting excess waste in the
Interoperability is dangerous to the concept of Federalism because although New Orleans was granted money to fund the system by the national government, at the state level, it was never implemented. The dangerous part comes in when the public asks whose fault it was that the system wasn’t in place when it really mattered. The state believes the national government should have been more involved to mandate deadlines and be more proactive in the implementation. The public and many other professionals involved believe the local government could have ironed out all the ethical issues and implemented the system with only the financial help from the national government. Unfortunately for Katrina victims, that’s not what took