“A political movement of the right, characterized by the use of systematic violence against political opponents and by the presence of a dominant charismatic leader, that emerged after World War I in a number of European countries primarily Italy and Germany.” (The West and the World, page 476.) Before you can attempt to differentiate the fascist forms of government in Germany and Italy, it is important to recognize how they were similar. Both had similar viewpoints in the sense that they believed their respective countries were special and needed the global respect that they deserved. Germany felt isolated because they had to admit they were wrong in World War I and had to pay retributions for their actions. Italy felt that they wanted to regain the glory they possessed during ancient Rome and wished to create a 20th century Italian Empire in the Mediterranean.
By 1815, the aims of these secret societies changed in the direction of driving out the Austrians and restoring old Monarchs. Consequently, these factors paved the way for revolts and armed the peasants with something they never had had before – power. In a large number, the masses could stand against the oppressive rule of the Austrians. Therefore, the events that followed in the years 1820 – 1849 were all underpinned by the resentment of this from Metternich and the importance he placed on controlling Italy. Metternich was the Austrian chancellor and saw the danger of Italian nationalism and the potentially threatening ideas that
when the great war ended there was a time of great tension between several countries involved within the war. Fascism was growing throughout Europe and by the 1930s had developed within Italy, Portugal and Germany. Fascism was also growing in the east in Japan. one of the key features within a fascist states foreign policy is its aggressive nature. Fascist ideology can be seen as a key feature to the outbreak of world war two at the end of the 1930s however fascist foreign policy was developed within Germany and Italy for other reasons.
When Nationalism began in the 1800’s during the French Revolution it made a powerful impact that united Germany and Italy into nation-states, divided empires such as the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman, and led to the future outbreak of wars like the Franco-Prussian and Seven Week War with Austria. Nationalism was the force that caused unification of similar cultures, religions, languages, and traditions. The Levee en Masse brought out Nationalism in the French Revolution by stating, “The young men shall go forth to battle; the women will make tents, uniforms, and will serve in the hospitals; the old men will gather in public places to raise the courage of the warriors…” which encouraged the people to gather together to fight against the same enemy. (Document 1) Something else that encouraged the people to fight was the French National Anthem,
The dispute led to a sense of mistrust which deepened overtime. European nations thought that they need a strong and very powerful military. The nations believed that it was important to be able to mobilize troops very quickly in case of war. Germany saw France as a threat to the peace that was in Europe. Germany then formed the triple alliance that consisted of Germany, Austria, and Italy.
Hence Italy was economically and politically fragmented. Therefore , in the years 1896-1814, Italy was disunited to a great extent, both economically and politically. Italy was clearly disunited politically in the years 1896-1914, which we see from the various different groups/ parties that were formed during the time to oppose Giolitti’s government. During these years, many different groups spread in Italy like the socialists, anarchists and Marxists. All these groups ultimately meant more hard work for Giolitti, as they all opposed the liberal state and the government of Giolliti and hence wanted reform.
In 1815 Italy was the country marked by the centuries of plundering attacks by foreign states, and then, in XVIII and early XIX century, by French and Austrian infulences. There was a long way separating the divided Italian states from unification of 1871. What citizens of those states needed were the strong political figures that would lead them to the consolidation. I'd like to concetrate on two of them - Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo Cavour. Two marginally different personalities, two different ideas of how should the future of Italy look like, and, therefore, different ways they followed to make those ideas come true.
After ww1 there were a lot of implications such as Italy not getting what it wanted in the treaty of st Germaine the idea of a mutilated victory and whether or not liberal state could claim Italy’s rewards. In 1915 when Italy joined the war on the side of the British they were promised territory such as dalmatia and south tyrol. They were also many colonies however
“"Fascism" was the ideology of the movement that, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, seized power in Italy in 1922 and held power until the Allied invasion of Italy in World War II” 18. “An attempt to provide fascism with a fully articulated theory was made by an Italian neo-Hegelian philosopher of some distinction, Giovanni Gentile, who was converted to fascism after Mussolini's coup.” 19. “But fascism equally opposed socialism, which preached class war and trade unionism and thus served only to divide the nation” 20. “Revolutionized society in such a way that the socialist critique was no longer relevant” 21. “Fascism's debts to the more extreme and fanatic elements of the nineteenth-century left wing” 22.
Second, Bismarck developed good relationships with numerous powers so that they would assist Prussia and help Bismarck to isolate its enemies. For example, Bismarck made an alliance, and the benefit was shown in 1870 when Italy refused to help France in the Franco-Prussian War. Thirdly, in the Schleswig-Holstein Affair, Bismarck pretended to be friendly with Austria and just get the two duchies. He succeeded in gaining support from the Germans in these 2 duchies. Lastly, Bismarck tricked Napoleon III at the meeting in Biarritz in 1865.