Historical Essay Unit 731 During the era of World War II, a top-secret Japanese run biological and biochemical unit in which germ warfare was the main focus, became prominent within the Japanese government and within the struggle for Japanese control of China. Unit 731, was a top secret weapons facility that focused mainly on the research and development of bacterial, disease, and chemical warfare. The unit was located in a remote town, Harbin, China, hidden from those who hadn’t had prior knowledge of the location, and was led by the infamous Shiro Ishii. Unit 731 was responsible for the deaths of up 200,000 Chinese men, women, and children. The studies that the unit conducted included live vivisections, amputations, explosive weapons testing and germ warfare tests.
In 1928, a Scottish biologist named Alexander Fleming made a serendipitous discovery of the antibiotic penicillin. On observation of the Staphylococci culture plates left for several weeks, he noticed contamination by fungi (Brown, 2005). Around the fungi moulds were zones of inhibition, suggestive of an agent or substance containing anti-bacterial properties being produced it. During further analysis, he realised that only the Penicillium mould produces this substance. The substance was then consequently named Penicillin and became available on the market in 1942 (Brown, 2005).
degree in 1869 from the University of Virginia and spending several years working in the field of public health in New York City, Reed joined the Army Medical Department (1875). In 1898, he headed a board that identified typhoid fever as the cause of much sickness and death at the camps where troops gathered to train for the Spanish‐American War. By establishing human waste as the source of contamination, the board made possible effective public health measures to prevent future epidemics. When, in 1900, another board headed by Reed proved that yellow fever, much dreaded by soldiers sent to Cuba, was carried by a mosquito and identified the specific mosquito, successful efforts to reduce this threat to public health also became possible. Reed's accomplishments resulted not only from his personal skills as a research scientist but from the disciplined world in which he worked: medical officers were often better able than their civilian counterparts to conduct the studies necessary to identify both major diseases that threatened public health and the means by which they spread in civilian and military communities alike.
The Independent, in an article about a documentary on the Hindenburg airing on Britain's Channel 4 on Thursday, explains that Jem Stansfield, a British aeronautical engineer who led a team of researchers at the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas, blew up and set fire to models of the dirigible to rule out possibilities including a bomb and exploding paint. They Independent reports that the actual chain of events, discovered by the scientists, unfolded as follows: The airship had become charged with static as a result of an electrical storm. A broken wire or sticking gas valve leaked hydrogen into the ventilation shafts, and when ground crew members ran to take the landing ropes they effectively "earthed" the airship. The fire appeared on the tail of the airship, igniting the leaking hydrogen. "I think the most likely mechanism for providing the spark is electrostatic," said Mr. Stansfield.
Seven are dead. The two who survive have just completed rounds of chemotherapy and radiation.” (891) The author criticizes the United States government for causes and effect that nuclear testing has on humans. She questions herself about National Security vs. Individual life. The author reveals that one day she remembered talking to her dad while they were in the car.
In the final group, the two confederates in the experiment noted the smoke and then ignored it, which resulted in only 10% of the participants reporting the smoke. Example of the Bystander Effect The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine "Kitty" Genovese. On Friday, March 13, 1964, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese’s repeated calls for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident.
How HIPPA Violations Affect the Medical Billing Process Kristie Casey-Close HCR/220 September 8, 2010 Pamela Kerby Since the discovery of the viruses that cause Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the early 1980s by the following doctors Dr. Luc Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute in Paris and Dr. Anthony Gallo at the National Cancer Institute in Washington (Rainey, 2006). There has been much controversy over who discovered HIV/AIDS regardless of whom it was we should just be thankful that it was discovered and is being studied so that one day we can find a cure. It is thought that more than one million people are living with HIV in the United States, worldwide at the end of 2007 there was an estimated 33.0 million people living with HIV (Avert, 2009). Since the HIV/AIDS was discovered and brought to be an epidemic there has been over half a million people that have died from complications associated with AIDS- the equivalent of Las Vegas (Avert, 2009).There are approximately 56,000 new HIV infections a year in the United States. HIPPA has found a way to ensure the confidentially of the all people with medical conditions especially those that are suffering with the ever contagious HIV/AIDS (Avert, 2009).
MPH 609; Cultural Context of Health Care in the U.S 13 Tuskegee Discrimination Week 3 Written Assignment- Evidence of Racism Yvette Fortner The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment is the most infamous clinical study conducted in the United States between 1932 -1972. The study of natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural Africa American men, led to a forty year study which was controversial for reasons related to ethical standards; researchers knowingly failed to treat patients after the 1940s validation of penicillin. The patients with syphilis were never told they had it, were part of a case study, could leave the experiment at any given time and were not being treated for properly for syphilis. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention the men were told they were being treated for “bad blood”, which is a local term for various illnesses that include syphilis, anemia, and fatigue (CDC, 2013). The study was meant to discover how syphilis affected blacks as opposed to whites; the theory being that whites experienced more neurological complications from syphilis, whereas blacks were more susceptible to cardiovascular damage.
But many schools continued to refuse to implement this, and by 1956, in six southern states, not a single black child was attending any school where there were white children. The importance of the Little Rock case, Arkansas, 1957 In September 1957, nine black pupils tried to attend a school for white children in Little Rock. The Governor of Arkansas sent National Guard soldiers to prevent the black children from entering the school. The black people brought a case against the Governor. They won and the soldiers were forced to leave.
Despite Genovese’s calls for help, none of the neighbors in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident. The attack first began at 3:20 AM, but it was not until 3:50 AM that someone first contacted police. This story was initially reported in the New York times in 1964. It has since been