The roots have an outer layer of cells called root hair cells that have a specific shape that makes the uptake of water and mineral ions more efficient. They have a long, thin extension of the cell surface membrane that extends into the soil. This increases the surface area of the root dramatically, and the thin epithelial lining surrounding the root decreases the diffusion distance between the soil and inside of the cell, again
Discuss the ways in which distinctive ecologies can develop along routeways (10 marks) Routeways such as roads, railways and canals can provide habitats for many species of plant and insect life because they often act as protected areas in which ecological succession can occur. There are several ways in which this can happen. One way in which ecologies can develop along routeways is that plant seeds, e.g. Oxford ragwort or buddleia, that have become windborne can be transported along by cars or trains and are often planted in railway sidings or along grass verges next to main roads. In the case of roads, nitrogen in exhaust fumes can be beneficial to the growth of some species of wildflower, which encourages them to spread further along the protective area of the grass verge, which is an area almost untouched by human interference due to its proximity to heavy traffic, therefore meaning that plant species have a lot of freedom to grow and spread.
Biology Gynoecium: - The gynoecium (from Ancient Greek γυνή, gyne, meaning woman, and οἶκος, oikos, meaning house) is a term with several meanings in botanical usage. In reference to mosses, liverworts and hornworts,gynoecium refers to a cluster of archegonia and any associated modified leaves or stems present on agametophyte shoot. More commonly, gynoecium refers to the ovule-producing part of a flower. The gynoecium is typically the innermost whorl of structures in a flower and is surrounded (in perfect flowers) by the androecium (stamens) and (in complete flowers) by the perianth (petals and sepals). The gynoecium is often inaccurately [clarification needed] referred to as female because it gives rise to female (egg-producing) gametophytes.
in nature, the bacteria can transfer these plasmids from bacteria to bacteria, transfering those beneficial genes. this mechanism allows bacteria to adapt to new and foreign environments. the continuous resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is due to the transmission of these plasmids. Bio-Rads unique pGLO plasmid encodes the gene for GFP and a gene for resistance the antibiotic ampicillin. pGLO can also control the gene expression of this fluorecent protein.
Negative geotropism is the tendency of plant stems and other parts to grow upward away from the gravitational pull, whereas positive geotropism is the tendency of plant roots to grow downward toward the earth’s gravitational field. In this experiment, the roots are responding only geotropically. This is because the water is evenly distributed throughout. Hypothesis: It is predicted that the roots of the germinating bean seed grows towards gravity whereas the stems grow away from gravity. Justification: This is hypothesised due to negative and positive geotropism.
They replicate by infecting and taking over the functions of the host cell. As the cell reproduces, it reproduces the virus instead of its usual products. They can infect all types of living cells, including bacteria, fungi, plants and humans. Viruses can be spread from direct contact, or through the exchange of bodily fluids (for example, saliva, coughing/ sneezing). Fungi Unlike bacteria and viruses, fungi are simple plant-like organisms which reproduce using spores.
1) Monocots are shorts for “Monocotyledons” which means plants whose embryo has one cotyledon; whereas, Eudicots (Eudicotyledons) carry embryo with 2 cotyledons. The cotyledons of eudicots supply nutrients for seedlings, but the cotyledons of monocots store some nutrients and act as a transfer tissue for nutrients stored elsewhere. Five key features are typically used to distinguish monocots from eudicots; a seed, arrangement of vascular tissue in roots, stems, and leaves, and number of flower parts. The seed has the reproductive structures that are protected from drying out, have male and female gametophytes which are reduced in size. In young dicot stems and stems (usually the upright, vertical portion of a plant transports substances to and the leaves) that do not increase in thickness, xylem and phloem are arranged in vascular bundles in the cortex.
Unit 6 Seminar 1.How are these cycles essential for life and what roles do these forms of matter serve for different types of organisms? Ecology is the branch of science that studies interdependent groups of living things, called ecosystems. Each ecosystem is characterized by its physical environment and its community of living organisms. In every ecosystem many different organisms, each competing for matter and energy, occupy their own ecological niches. Photosynthetic plants in the first trophic level use energy from the Sun; these plants provide the energy for animals in higher trophic levels.
Breeding plants is the process of selecting plants with the most desirable qualities to produce offspring that inherit these desired traits. Conventional plant breeding genes are mixed and assorted. This results in non-desired traits being inherited together with the trait of interest. It aims to develop improved crop. Crops selected for desirable characteristics that can be reproduced to a variety of needs.
Assessment- Glacial Processes and Landforms A glacier is formed when snow accumulates in a dip in a mountain or hill. The snow will build up in the dip; this will lead to the pressure of the compacted snow to form ice. This ice’s weight forces the land beneath it to become compact, and enlarges the dip, this is called a hollow. The ice that accumulates becomes larger to form a glacier. The glaciers weight forces itself downhill.