They both studied different ideas, and preached different views about how our mind functioned. While Maslow focused on the humanistic aspect of our personality, Jung focused on the psychoanalytic aspect. However, they were both inspired by two great people. Carl Jung was deeply influenced by Sigmund Freud who happens to be the father of psychoanalysis. Though he dismissed Freudian theory that stated that human personality was defined by their sexual drive and desires, he established that we have 2 states of unconscious.
His argument had effect the classification system, in DSM-IV the new identity are given to those patients so they would be accept by the society. However, there are still ethical concerns since the patients are still labeled as “abnormal”, even though they behave normal. Scheff argued that giving people labels would probably effect their behavior by self fulfilling prophecy, which means, people would behave in ways they think they are. They would automatically play the role of mentally disorder and show more obvious symptoms by knowing that they are mentally ill. Doherty argued that people who do not accept their labels are tend to improve faster, which means people who accept the labels did not improve as fast. In a study carried out by Langer and Abelson, it shows that people who are labeled as mentally dis order tend to endure discrimination.
The behaviorism start to make the field of psychology a mainstream scientific by observing one behavior. The field of psychoanalysis is another school of thought. Sigmund Freud best known for his work in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a term that was used to refer the different parts of Freud's research, which would include the Freudian therapy and how he developed this theories through his research. Psychoanalysis deals with the thoughts and motivations that are outside of our awareness which is influence our behavior.
While art therapy can be used as complementary means to uncovering the unconscious, as a discipline, it has its distinct differences from psychotherapy. In 1960s, occupational therapy departments started incorporating the use of art as a healing method. As Judith A. Rubin (2010) suggests at that time occupational therapy mostly used psychodynamic approach and so the exploration of expression and repression through art seemed appropriate. Presently occupational therapy is not focused on using arts and crafts as an auxiliary tool nearly as much; it also has moved away from psychodynamics. Back in those days many art therapists started off through occupational therapy.
A REVIEW OF THE ‘FREUDIAN UNCONSCIOUS AND COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE’ BY VESA TALVITIE, Karnac Books Ltd, London “... [T]he psychological unconscious documented by latter-day scientific psychology is quite different from what Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic colleagues had in mind in fin de siècle Vienna. Their unconscious was hot and wet; it seethed with lust and anger; it was hallucinatory, primitive, and irrational. The unconscious of contemporary psychology is kinder and gentler than that and more reality bound and rational, even if it is entirely cold and dry.” Kihlstrom, Barnhardt and Tataryn (1992, p789) quoted in Talvitie (2009, p 2) It was this “hot and wet” perception of Freud’s notion of the unconscious that first attracted me to psychoanalysis. However, the question regarding whether, when neuroscientists speak of unconscious processing, they are speaking in the same terms as psychoanalysts or not, has become of increasing interest to me. It was, therefore, my sense that Talvitie’s work served as something of a bridge between the two paradigms that drew me to it.
Ellis, whose work was influenced by Alfred Adler & behaviourists John Dollard & Joseph Wolpe, began developing what is now known as Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT). His model was based on the philosophy that our perception of what is happening, affects us more greatly than the actual events themselves. Psychiatrist Aaron Beck also began looking at how our behaviour is determined by attitudes & assumptions derived from previous experiences & how these could be a block to behavioural therapy on its own. He began to develop his own model using techniques that amalgamated both behavioural & cognitive therapy, which he called Cognitive Therapy. This model has evolved into what we now recognise as CBT.
Behaviorist also focus more on how we act rather than our brain and nervous systems, they don’t take mental processes into consideration. Cognitivist, however, study mental processes in an individual by focusing on specific behavior and interpreting those behaviors into mental processes so we can fully understand what we do. Finally, behaviorism deals with the way we behave in different environments. They also believe people pick up their traits from their own experiences. On the other hand, cognitivists believe that by reflecting on our own experiences, we construct our own understanding of the world.
In 1913 some of his new ideas did not fit in with Freud’s theories forcing him to break away to carry on with his work of developing ‘Analytical Psychology’. Jung main ideas were developed about personality structures, which he broke down into three parts called; ‘The Ego’, ‘The Personal unconscious’ and ‘The collective unconscious’. The Ego was the conscious part of self, made up by thoughts, feelings, memories and perceptions. The personal unconscious is stuff that is there but either forgotten or repressed but could be accessed without too much difficulty and last there is the collective unconscious, an idea that was considered most radical and a very new idea at the time. Collective unconscious is kind of like a common personality DNA present in all human kind.
The paper will show both positive and negative results that relate to the author's own insights and individualization. This paper will also discuss the criticisms of this theory and the individuals need for self-actualization. Along with this discussion will be a brief description of two of the influential founders of this theory. Humanistic theory is a theory of its own caliber and has raised the standard in psychoanalysis and behaviorism while focusing more realistically on human behavior. Humanistic psychology is young compared to the age of other approaches and theories, but very different in the basis that the approach focuses on individual control and free will or choices and steers away from the ideas that all human behavior is based around pleasure.
After this, the two men became close friends and studied and worked together for several years. In 1912 the two men separated mostly because they could not agree on the theory of the unconscious mind and religion. Jung believed that Freud was too focused on sexuality as a motivating force and that his theory of the unconscious was too negative and limited. While Freud believed that the unconscious was where we kept all sexual repression, Jung believed that there was also creativeness that could be found in the unconscious. After the split, Jung went on to develop his own school of thought called analytical psychology.