During the time period from 1450 to 1750, two powerful empires were in the process of being built. These two empires were the Ottoman and the Spanish. During the building process of their empires, the Ottoman and the Spanish both developed many similarities in their political, social, and economic affairs. A major similarity between these empires was that they both had a similar slave system. Although the Ottoman and the Spanish had many similarities, they also had many differences.
In the case of the Provisional Government they changed it from autocratic to democratic and Lenin changed it to a one party state; although the result was different the basis was the same. In some cases all of the rulers passed reforms that they had no choice whether to or not, it was simply necessary. All of the Tsars wanted to uphold their autocratic position, Alexander III most of all due to what happened to his father, so keeping absolute control was essential. Nicholas II was the only tsar to make any major political reforms due to the Tsar’s wanted to keep their power. However, Nicholas II had no choice to create the Duma because of the 1905 revolution; so he reluctantly did so he did not completely lose his position.
The satrap was appointed to his position by the emperor. Likewise, the emperor of Han China, Liu Bang, divided the large empire into administrative districts governed by officials who served at the emperor's pleasure. These government officials were handpicked by the emperor based on their loyalties. Another similarity that Han China and the Persian empire shared in their ruling techniques was their separation into dynastic periods. The Persian Empire, for example, began in the Achaemenid dynasty with Cyrus the Great.
King Louis XIV reign of France was exampled by an absolute monarchy, which gave him the ultimate governing authority over his sovereign state and subjects. Louis was a believer in dictatorship by devine right, and viewed himself as God’s representative on earth. In Bossuet’s Holy Writ, he speaks of how, “Rulers then act as the ministers of God and as his lieutenants on earth, it is through them that God exercises his empire” (www.history.hanover.edu). Bossuet lets the people know that as God is the ruler of everything, he has a king who he uses on earth to rule over them while they are on earth to guide their decisions. Louis, in the early stages of his reign as the sole ruler of France, after the death of Cardinal Mazarin, showed strong determination to be a real king.
In 2025, the emerging powers suggest the rise of a multi-polar world. In 1913, 37% of the global GDP was dominated by the British Empire, 19% by the USA and 9% by both China and Germany. To understand why the British Empire dominated 37% of the world’s global GDP the rigid control that the British Empire had over the world needs to be understood. At its height, during the reign of Queen Victoria, the British Empire had included a quarter of the world's land and people. From the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 to the start of World War I in 1914, Britain acquired so many new colonies that the empire stretched around the world.
China had to incorporate Manchu’s and Han Chinese, while the Ottoman Empire had to incorporate Turks and Muslims, among others. In doing so, both Empires needed a way to unify their people under one rule; this was done so by ruling with an iron fist. In China, the emperor was said to be appointed by the Mandate of Heaven, and the ruler had the responsibility to care and look after all aspects of life and if his job wasn’t antiquate enough, he was simply replaced through murder or rebellion. The Ottoman Sultan was looked at in much the same way; he was also referred to as Emperor or the religious leader and had absolute power. Granted in both dynasties neither ruler could make a decision on his own because the views and ideas of their highly appointed officials had to be considered in most cases.
[dn 2] With Constantinople as its capital and control of vast lands around the Mediterranean basin, the empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for over six centuries. It was dissolved in the aftermath of World War I, and replaced by various states. Upon the demise of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, precursor of Ottomans, in 1300s, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the Ghazi emirates was led by Osman I (1258[12] – 1326), from which the name Ottoman is derived. Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire.
The sole goal for the land was material gain and profit for the state at the people’s expense. The idea was to “bestow onto cultivators only such favor and remission as will tend to swell the treasury, and shall avoid such as deplete it” (Kautalya para 2). The king was to use his subjects by any means necessary to achieve his goals whether personal or commercial and believed he owed them nothing in return (McKay para 2). During this time the caste system was put into place and divided the nation into distinct classes. The lands were also divided into smaller areas to be governed by set officials so that the king could delegate power more efficiently.
The institutionalized Executive branch now includes the White House Office (WHO) the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Executive Office of the President (EOP). These offices provide modern presidents with layers of bureaucracy that they can use to enhance their power and influence to achieve their policy goals successfully. However, some presidents have found that the White House bureaucracy can actually make them feel out-of-touch with his position and powers. As many political programmes within the Executive branch mainly the White House Office developed, so did the agencies that ran them. These agencies have strong connections with Congress as it is Congress that authorizes their existence and finds the funds to finance them.
This shows that this Egyptian society relied on trade and communication with other kingdoms. This was not an isolated society that only relied on domestic goods. Many of the middle class, such as merchants, were responsible for importing and selling goods to the people of Egypt. One letter informed the pharaoh, Akhentaten of a conspiracy to overthrow him. This is evidence of political unrest during this time as there was no social mobility.