The History of the Calculus

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The History of the Calculus The Calculus, being a difficult subject requires much more than the intuition and genius of one man. It took the work and ideas of many great men to establish the advanced concepts now known as calculus. The history of the Calculus can be traced back to c. 1820 BC to the Egyptian Moscow papyrus, in which an Egyptian successfully calculated the volume of a pyramidal frustum. [1][2] Calculating volumes and areas, the basic function of integral calculus, can be traced back from the school of Greek mathematics, Eudoxus (c. 408−355 BC) used the method of exhaustion, which prefigures the concept of the limit, to calculate areas and volumes while Archimedes (c. 287−212 BC) developed this idea further, inventing heuristics which resemble integral calculus.[3] The method of exhaustion was later used in China by Liu Hui in the 3rd century AD in order to find the area of a circle. In the 5th century AD, Zu Chongzhi used what would later be called Cavalieri's principle to find the volume of a sphere.[2] Around AD 1000, the Islamic mathematician, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), was the first to derive the formula for the sum of the fourth powers of an arithmetic progression, using a method that is readily generalizable to finding the formula for the sum of any higher integral powers, which he used to perform an integration.[4] In the 11th century, the Chinese polymath Shen Kuo developed 'packing' equations that dealt with integration. In the 12th century, the Indian mathematician, Bhāskara II, developed an early derivative representing infinitesimal change, and he described an early form of "Rolle's theorem".[5] Also in the 12th century, the Persian mathematician Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī discovered the derivative of cubic polynomials, an important result in differential calculus.[6] In the 14th century, Madhava of Sangamagrama, along with other

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