Agreeing with past research, males were found to be better at both tasks, with female reaction times, in the Line judgment task, found to be larger. In the computerised driving test males again did better than females, their results coinciding with that of the Line judgment test, but, with females, there was seen to be a variation in correlation between both tests. Due to this, the driving test was discussed to be a good form of visuospatial task, or bad. We looked at other factors that might have helped towards this variance in results and drew the conclusion that factors, such as practice, do play a role in the driving test, therefore proving to be a bad way of measuring visuospatial abilities between males and females. Introduction The study of difference in gender has many experiments in which one can find a real majority in either males or females.
Therefore, in a true experiment subjects are randomly assigned to the levels of the independent variable. The only differences in the groups would be due to chance. Giacomoni (December 2000) said true experimental designs compare people who have received an intervention ("treatment group") to an equivalent group who did not receive the intervention ("control group"). The treatment or control groups are randomly assigned to subjects; so therefore, random assignment is the hallmark of the true experimental designs. The randomized trial in many circles is the “gold standard” of quantitative research, reflecting its degree of methodological rigor.
The Effect of Emotional Faces on Recall of High and Low Arousal Words Jessica L. Rechlin University of California, Los Angeles Abstract Word recall memory for high arousal and neutral words was examined by presenting high-arousal words and neutral words combined with either happy or fearful emotional faces to participants. The author hypothesized that high-arousal words were better recalled across conditions regardless of which emotional faces they were paired with. Contrary to what was predicted, no significant main effect of emotional faces was observed. Additionally, it was revealed that the word recall memory of
The fourth hypothesis claims competence will have a greater effect on ratings of hireability, desirability, and utility for female-typed jobs than male-type jobs (hypothesis 4). In female-type jobs, competence would hold a greater significance for attractive candidates, and in male-type jobs competence would not make a difference for attractive candidates (hypothesis 5). This study used a correlational experiment design. While the relationships between the variables can be implied, they do not prove causality. There were several independent variables used: gender (male/female), attractiveness (high/moderate), competence (high/moderate, given as being based on DAT5 test scores), job sex-type (male/female), and the hierarchical status of the position (managerial/non-managerial).
The first experiment was a word-completion test. Subjects who listened to the most “power inducing” selections generated significantly more power-related words than those who listened to the least power-inducing selections, indicating that they had “power” on their minds. One cognitive consequence of power is a sense of “illusory control"—that is, people feel increased personal control over future events. To test the effect of power-inducing music on illusory control, subjects were given the chance to win a prize if they could guess the outcome of a die roll. Those who had listened to the power-inducing selections were more likely to chose to roll the die by themselves rather than allow the experimenter to do it.
Subliminal Messages in Advertising: The Case For and Against Lisa Caswell Syracuse University Running Head: Subliminal Messages Subliminal messaging and subliminal perception are controversial topics in the field of psychology. Many studies have been conducted to determine if subliminal messaging does in fact work. Many people think that subliminal messages in the field of advertising are much more successful than subliminal messages for self-improvement, such as tapes sold to help the consumer lose weight, gain intelligence, or do something else to improve themselves simply by listening to a tape. Subliminal advertising can be defined as "embedding material in print, audio, or video messages so faintly that they are not consciously perceived." Rogers and Smith (1993) surveyed 400 households.
Eyesneck conducted his own research on prisoners and concluded that being high in any 3 can lead to criminal activity but more so neurotosism and psychosism. He argues there is a mirror neuron in people which enables you to sympathies and feel other peoples feeling, he argues that a lack of it means you find it hard to connect emotionally with others, something he sees could lead to criminal activity. Farmington et al reviewed a number of studies and found that offenders scored higher than a control group on psychotosism and neurotosism but not extroversion. Eyes neck believed people with high neurotosism scores would have difficulty learning socially appropriate behaviors through normal means of reinforcement and punishment. However Blackburn critiques Eyesneck saying it's unclear to what psychotosism is measuring it appears to be linked to psychopathic tendencies but not consistently.
Can intelligence change? To what extent is intelligence malleable? Extended Essay: Psychology Name: Candidate number: School: Nörre Gymnasium Word count: 37811 Abstract This essay investigated the research question: To what extent is intelligence malleable? It was necessary to start by presenting the debate on defining intelligence since there is not a complete consensus among psychologists, however, this paper accepted a definition which is generally accepted by respected psychologists; that ‘intelligence is the ability to deal with cognitive complexity’ (Gottfredson, 1998). In presenting and analysing empirical evidence such as Howe (1997) supporting the thesis that intelligence can, in fact, change under the right conditions and given enough time, a strong indication of malleability is provided.
Ross McGinty Research Methods In Communication Homework #2 This study by Carl Botan and Lawrence Frey looked to prove if there were differences between worker's attributions of trustworthiness toward their labor union and its messages. Botan and Frey used survey questionnaire research to find these answers. The two hypothesized the following five advances. Labor union members will demonstrate a significantly greater degree of trust in their labor union and/or its messages than will non-labor union members. Male workers will demonstrate a significantly greater degree of trust in their labor union and/or it messages than will female workers.
Research shows that there are more similarities between men and women than differences. Gender Similarities Hypothesis To better understand the new perspective, consider the correlation between men and women as found in Psychologist Janet Shibley Hyde’s analysis. In 2005, Hyde found that during childhood, men and women are largely psychologically alike. With the understanding that sex is the key categorizing factor in the social context; Hyde sought to know: Are men and women generally the same or essentially different? (Hyde 2005) Hyde used a very effective research method so her results were largely credible.