The identification and diagnosis of the disorder was difficult for many therapists. It was characterized by a pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has onset on adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment. 2. DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for Personality Disorders “General diagnostic criteria for the a Personality Disorder A. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture.
* * 2. What are at least two opinions presented by each side of the critical issue? * * Cotton and Devilly stress that Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) is not explained properly and research has proven that CISD does not give patients the results needed. * Devilly and Cotton also stated that Critical incident stress management (CISM) is also not properly explained in the treatment of traumatized individuals, which makes the process ineffective (Halgin, 2007). * Mitchell’s opinion is that Devilly and Cotton display a lack of knowledge within the text of CISM because no reference to this literature is stated by the authors.
Violation of norms refers to any behaviour which is deemed socially unacceptable. This has a tendency of being rather ambiguous however, because what is acceptable in some societies can be most unacceptable in others, and cultural differences may apply as well. For example, in some cultures arranged marriages are the norm, however, in more western cultures; this is frowned upon by society. Personal distress is when a person’s behaviour causes them harm or distress. Mental disorders such as anxiety and depression fall into this category of abnormal behaviour, as the person’s behaviour affects their emotions and feelings.
The person’s patterns of thinking and behaviour differ from the expectations in society and they interfere with the persons normal functioning. Examples of this are paranoid personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Anxiety disorders – People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and dread. This can be mild or severe. The person may suffer with responses that are un appropriate in certain situations as well as the usual signs (rapid heartbeat, sweating and nervousness.
It is intended that these characters are suffering from mental problems as each of them show the symptoms of their disorders. Baba has an adjustment disorder caused by a major change in his life, Assef suffers from narcissistic personality disorder caused by other influences, and Sohrab has post-traumatic stress disorder caused by a series of traumatizing events. Psychological disorders are mental problems dealing with emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, causing self or others compelling distress. To diagnose means to establish and analyze an illness by observing the symptoms. A symptom is a mental or physical aspect that demonstrates or reveals that the person has a particular disorder.
In the past, when cases of intellectual disability and other cognitive impairments have risen, the law has not been conclusively established as to whether or not the defence is available. Currently, legislation on this issue has also been unable to clearly categorise and thus effectively process those accused or convicted of crimes before or after being established as “mentally ill”. These statutes include the Mental Health (Forensic Provisions) Act, and naturally the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW). As the MHFPA does not define mental illness as such but moreover refers to a “mentally ill person”, the understanding of what is categorised in this term becomes a topic of discussion. This characterization essentially stems from the M’Naghten rules and it should be noted that of all the states in Australia, NSW is the only one that invokes the common law in its legislation.
These individuals are often ridiculed, segregated, and discriminated against. “Some believe that psychological conditions are not as important as physiological conditions or that they are non-biological therefore treatment is ineffective” (Roman et al, 2008). If mental disorders are not properly diagnosed and treated, mental illnesses
So people with disorders or phobias are abnormal because they act in way that are contrast to what is normal. But what is the mental state behind how they act. Physical illnesses, disruptions or imbalances in the body processes and genetic influence.The purpose for diagnosing is to
Agnew states that there are three major types of negative relationships that cause strain. One, other people prevent an individual from achieving positively valued goals. Secondly, other people remove (or threaten to remove) positively valued achievements or stimuli from the individual. Third, other people expose (or threaten to expose) the individual to negative stimuli. He explains that strain increase the likelihood that a person will experience a variety of negative emotions from fear and frustration to anger (Cullen and Agnew 2003: 190-191).
These questions include recalling of events throughout their life or any out of body experiences. Symptoms of dissociative identity disorder include de-realization, dissociation, feeling lost or lonely, identity crisis, difficulties expressing themselves, and many more. De-realization can cause continuous conflict in the mind about who they are. Often refusing to recognize themselves in mirrors , or feeling as if two or more different people are trapped in one body. Dissociation is the most common symptom of this disorder.