Differences between the structures of a bacterial and eukaryotic cell Bacteria cells are sheathed by a strong cell wall which is composed of peptidoglycan (polymer of sugar). The cell wall provides a structural strength, maintain its shape, and restricts the excessive or loss of water. Plants and Fungi also contain a strong cell wall but with a different chemical structure than peptidoglycan. Plants contain cellulose while fungi contains chitin fibers embedded in the matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins. Flagella are long, threadlike structures made of proteins used for movement.
The two nucleotide strands that make up DNA run in opposite directions, one runs from 3’ to 5’ and the other runs from 5’ to 3’. The 5’ end is where the phosphate is positioned and 3’ is where the deoxyribose sugars are. The organic bases (base pairings) are split up into two groups; pyrimidines and purines. The pyrimidines are made of a single six-sided ring and in terms of DNA the bases that apply to this group are cytosine and thymine. Purines however are made of a six-sided ring joined to a five-sided ring.
In general, spectrophotometry is used to create absorption spectra based on the unique chemical and physical properties of proteins (Moran et al., 2012). To be able to create a plot of absorbance against wavelength or the respective standard curves from a given protein assay, the Beer-Lambert law has to be understood where the absorbance is equal to the product of molar extinction coefficient, the path length and concentration denoted by A=ɛcl (Marczenko, 1976, Sathyanarayana, 2001). From the law given, it can be reasoned that the ability of a coloured solution to absorb, transmit or reflect incident light, is proportionally dependent
Which include fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol. They are mostly made up of long chains of monomers. Which is also known as fatty acids. Proteins are polymers made from monomers called amino acids. Which are building blocks of life.
LAB REPORT 1 Finding PROTEINemo Introduction In the vast ocean of proteins one will try to locate an unknown protein amount. Proteins are long chains of amino acids, and critical to the building of various tissues in the body such as muscle, hair, enzymes and antibodies. Proteins have other various important functions in rebuilding and building of the human body. In order to find what a protein is, one needs to looking at peptide bonds. The most effective way to find peptide bonds, which join amino acids to form a protein, is by using Biuret reagent.
Measuring Protein Concentrations In UNKNOWN Solutions Authors: Chelbi Copes Abstract: In this experiment, the concentrations of 7 different tubes of protein were determined, one of them being an unknown. The concentrations were determined in a spectrophotometer. It measures the amount of light that can pass through it and determines the concentration. The concentration of the unknown resulted as .233µg/mL. Introduction: This experiment was executed to determine the concentration 7 different solutions with different concentrations.
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction, which is that initial amount of energy necessary to bring reactants together with the proper amount of energy and in the proper orientation so that the products can be formed. Most enzymes are proteins with particular primary structures dictated by genes. As proteins, upon their synthesis, enzymes assume particular shapes. This shape, especially in its “active site”, determines its catalytic effects.
LAB #1 ENZYME ACTIVITY AP Biology Introduction Enzymes are biological catalysts that carry out thousands of chemical reactions that occur in living cells. They are generally large proteins made up of several hundred amino acids, and often contain a non-proteinaceous group that is important in the actual catalysts. In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the substance to be acted upon, the substrate, binds in the active site of the enzyme. The enzyme and substrate are held together in an enzyme-substrate complex by hydrophobic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds. The enzyme then converts the substrate to the reaction products in a process that often requires several chemical steps, and may involve covalent bonds.
Enzymes are proteins that are produced by living organisms; they act as a catalyst to allow a biochemical reaction. There is the substrate, which is the substance that is acted upon in an enzyme biochemical reaction. The substrate can bind to the active site of the enzyme; the active site is the part of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate. Substrates can block or change the shape if the active site, which can affect the activity of the enzyme. In this lab though, we were focused on the Catalase enzyme, which speeds up a reaction, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into two harmless substances.
Cells mainly consist of water molecules but there are a number of other important biological molecules vital to allow life to exist. Macromolecules are among the most important as they can offer structural support to the cell, hold energy like a battery, act as a catalyst for biochemical reactions and store genetic information as well as having many other important functions. Macromolecules are formed of monomers - simple molecules that can bond together with others to form larger more complicated molecules. When two monomers react, they create a separate water molecule as monomers always have hydrogen and oxygen atoms in their molecular structure. A covalent bond is formed in the absence of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms, connecting the two monomers together.