In this essay I will argue that while it is clear that the concepts of Fayol have been largely superseded by modern descriptive views such as those of Mintzberg and Kotter, he laid out the foundations so to speak (remove this) that allowed modern thinkers to develop their theories in greater detail. This means that it isn’t such a matter of who is right, rather the models of roles and functions exhibited by Fayol and Mintzberg interlink and complement each other, and are in many senses just different, displayed by the fact Fayol’s model is prescriptive and Mintzberg’s descriptive. Henri Fayol in 1916 published ‘Administration Industrielle et Generale’ which set out the main “elements” of management (Gray, 1984 cited in Fells, 2000), these were to forecast and plan, organise, coordinate, command and control (Pugh and Hickson, 2003). He also outlines fourteen principles of management including discipline, authority and responsibility, equity and initiative (adapted from Fayol, 1949 cited in Brooks, 2009). These principles were based on the experience of Fayol as a Managing Director as well as positions in general management (Pugh and Hickson, 2003).
Methods of micro sociology include symbolic interactionism, phenomenology and ethnomethodology. However there is opposing argument as macro sociologists think the opposite as although they concentrate on individuals as well they also look at families and other larger groups in society in which an individual is part of. Weber a social action theorist believes people hold meanings about the world and consciously act on the basis of meaning. He saw behaviour in terms of the meanings people action to actions and classified them into four types. Instrumentally rational action is when a goal is not desirable but an induvidual still works out the best way to reach it.
(correct answer) C. elevating diversity. D. diversity championing. Objective: Describe observable and non-observable aspects of organizational culture. Which of the following statements about the management of organizational culture is NOT correct? A. good managers are able to help build resilient cultures in situations where the features of strong cultures are absent.
The functionalists gave five functional requisites which these social institutions provide: Replacing members, socializing new members, producing and distributing goods and services, preserving order, and providing a sense of purpose (Henslin 2012a). Although agreeing that the original purpose of social institutions was to meet basic survival needs, their view differs generally from that of the functionalists. Conflict theory suggests that these social institutions are controlled by the powerful groups and are not used for the common good as is so often purported but to help them remain powerful through manipulation (Henslin 2012b). The family which has often been regarded as the cornerstone of society is one of the oldest social institutions. George P. Murdock defines the family as ‘a social group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction’ (Mustapha 2007).
The functionalist believe that the understanding of deviance is the function for society rather than individuals themselves. Even though they believe that consensus is a function required for society. Functionalists therefore, argue that it is important for society to maintain society and the social control. However, the strain theory which is Merton's theory is based upon the theory of functionalist as they encourage anomie of deviance. Merton 1930,highlights the strains between the cultural goals of society and legitimate and regular ways to achieving the goals of success.
Chuang Tzu believed that how we perceive things are directly related to each of our separate pasts, or our “paths”. Also, that we need to realized that our conclusions and dispositions would be completely different had we experienced another past, even possibly just one single instance. Confucius believed that all things are naturally good. It is only if you haven’t pursued the way that you can turn out evil. He also believed that the most important characteristic of our personalities is created by how we treat others.
This is a strict requirement, as it demands too much from individuals to always be motivated to promote the general happiness. I will first analyse Singer’s argument, which defends utilitarianisms demandingness and then go onto Williams’ argument, which attacks utilitarianism for being too demanding. Towards the end of this paper it should be evident that consequentialist moral theories such as utilitarianism demand too much from moral agents and are only useful to look at as a utopia where utility is maximized. The following example demonstrates the basic idea of utilitarianism. If my £100 could maximize utility more efficiently when I donate it to famine relief rather than spending it on new shoes utilitarianism would argue that it is morally wrong to do anything other than what maximizes utility, therefore it is morally wrong for me to buy the shoes (Stanford Encyclopaedia, 2003).
‘Assess the usefulness of Social Action Theory to our understanding of Society’ (33 marks) Social action theories are radical opposites of structural theories. Structural theories commonly view people as ‘puppet’s’ of the social system, passively and unthinkingly playing out their lives as determined by pre-existing social laws. The main disagreements between this social structure is that Functionalists emphasise the benefits for the entire society, whilst others believe that it is only beneficial to one type of group, via means of production; these are Marxists or Feminists. Social action theories have an issue with determinism, they alternatively believe that people within society are social actors and have free will, consciousness, meanings and motives. Social action theorists believe that illusion of a stable and constant society is slightly more than hundreds of individual interactions each carried out by choice and interpretation.
- Leading functionalists were pragmatic and approached psychology in a practical way. They wanted to apply their knowledge. - One of the most influential functional psychologists was William James, who was a fierce competitor of William Wundt. - One of James’ more controversial theories was his theory of emotion, which he conceived with Carl Lange. - The reason it was controversial was that he challenged the traditional belief that emotion results from the perception of an event and instead he reversed this notion.
(Note Parsons order on this, which is L-I-G-A, the opposite order of what we're used to from Laumann's class.) More generally, Parsons is also interested in making a fundamental distinction between the morphological analysis of the morphological structure of systems and the ''dynamic'' analysis of process. Neither has special priority over the other except that, at a particular level, stable structural reference points are necessary for determining generalizations about process. The old battle o f theory versus empiricism may be considered to be