This essay is Regarding research methods one in psychology. The Stroop Effect in essence is name a color word written on an opposing color. Comparison of Reaction Times for the Stroop Colour Word Task Catherine Gorman Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Abstract The Stroop colour word task has fascinated psychologists for many years, ever since JR Stroop discovered the phenomenon in 1935, showing interference between conflicting cognitive processes relating to attention. This experiment was designed to examine the Stroop colour word task, to ascertain that it takes longer to say the incongruent colour word (naming the colour, not the written word itself) as opposed to the nonsense colour word. Eight participants volunteered to participate in this experiment.
Then the second list of words, which are words not corresponded with the colour and is the controlled process, these are read aloud with the errors and the time taken recorded and compared to the first set of data. These results can prove the hypothesis was supported and that controlled processes are more prone to thinking rather than just doing This experiment has had the aim of testing the effects of automatic and controlled processes in the Stroop effect. The Stroop effect demonstrates performing a controlled process task compared to an automatic process task and outlines the extended time taken to complete the task. An automatic process is a task or process that doesn’t involve much attention or effort to be performed. A controlled process does require undivided attention and an amount of mental effort is usually needed.
As Brown and Warner (1915) have pointed out, the difference in speed in reading names of colours and in naming colours may be accounted for the difference in experience called the "automatic word recognition hypothesis" or, as others have claimed, certain mental activities happen automatically even when not consciously stimulated by the subject. This phenomenon is due to the Stroop effect, and the following experiment aim to induce that same effect into the participants and observe the difference between reading the congruent and incongruent words. Twelve participants took part in the experiment. The data collected was analysed using the Inferential Statistical tests method, because this method enable us to assume that the whole population may behave in the same way as the participants in this experiment. The t-test value has been calculated and is found to be equal to 10.48.
Participants were then asked to name the ink color and their response times for each list were measured in seconds. The results showed that the stroop effect interference extended to color-related words, providing further evidence for the interference and costs of the automatic processes of attention.8/8 Introduction Although we are able to sense a huge amount of information, not all of it is processed. Through a process of selection known as attention, only some pieces of information are selected for further processing by cognitive resources. The reason why we need to reduce incoming information may be due to a limited capacity to process information. Kahneman (as cited in Edgar, 2007) explains it in the limited capacity theory of attention.
Reading Jumbled Words Douglas College Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to identify the effectiveness of jumbled words in the text and how it affects comprehension and reading rates. The independent variables were the story and position of the letter transposition. The dependent variables consisted of the time it required to read the text, and the scores for the comprehension questions related to the text. The participants in this experiment were psychology students (11 Males, 29 Females) who were asked to participate voluntarily. Materials included consent forms, stop watch, an excerpt from Pride and Prejudice, and the short story “The Beginning of Armadillos” (normal and transposed versions).
There was a free recall test, photo recognition test and name recognition test. Results showed that free recall of names was much poorer; so people could not so easily retrieve VLTMs without a cue. His results suggested that a lot of information is stored in our memories which can only be jogged via recognition from pictures or their names being said, rather than just a recall test where you’d have no visual cues. So recognition helps people remember things much more easily and for longer. Petersons STM study was argued to be high in internal validity, and this was mainly due to the fact that instructions to participants were standardised, repetitions of consonants or tridiagrams was prevented and extraneous variables were controlled, thus meaning the experiment had high internal validity and also made it easier to replicate.
There are countless reasons for that. Firstly when you try conjugating a verb, like how 'Yomu' becomes 'Yomeru', there is also a point view that conjugating 'Miru' to 'Mireru' makes sense. On the topic of 'ra nuki' being inappropriate in regular speech, there are many cases that depending on the place 'ra nuki' has naturally occurred and it is considered strange to deny this. Also,It can be said that there is a rule in which the pronunciation of words become more simple and easier to say. Even if you remove 'Ra' as long the meaning is conveyed, the removal itself will naturally occur as part of the historical flow of words.
Their findings show that the outcome was that people were better at recalling the words both at the beginning and the end of the list more easily than those in the middle. This related well to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, where the words at the beginning would have gone into the LTM loop and words at the end of the list into the STM loop for rehearsal. They explained that that counting backwards displaced the last few words from the fragile STM but not affected the first few words as these were rehearsed. The recency effect disappears with a distractor task but not the primary effect suggests the two effects are the result of different memory stores. Brenda Miller made a study on a young man, HM, who had his hippocampus and parts of his temporal lobes removed.
Uncertainty in response rates and high probability of double entries which will introduce high significant error in the sampling and subsequently impair the quality of data. • Subjectivity in the Interview. These will be mitigated by well-organized questionnaire and the inherent subjectivity or Biasness can be mitigated by well –structured training for the data collectors and respondent by using a standardized interview protocol. In addition, technology and solid program can be used to mitigate this. Examples of such are computer-assisted survey information collection (CASIC) which brings onboard higher data quality , privacy of the respondent and error elimination during data processing.
To remember something new, it must be clearly inculcated in the brain. It requires time and effort to learn new concepts. To let the learned information stick to the brain, a good language learner must learn how to use learning strategies to overcome any language barriers otherwise that learners will certainly fail. These strategies offer particular advantages and the use of an appropriate learning strategy can surely enhance success with any learning task (Sabuncuoglu, 2013). Learning to use memory-improvement strategies effectively will reduce the risk of forgetting information that the learners had learned and studied and will help learners store and retrieve information in an orderly string.