Language is defined to be a communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of random signals. These random signals could be voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. Language does not only consist of voice sounds, but also encompasses body language and kinesics. Language consists of verbal language, body language, facial expressions, and sign language. Lexicon is the mental dictionary that each individual carries around in their heads.
Similarities and Differences When people begin to compare Vietnamese with English, they will surprisingly realize that these two languages are so different from each other. Taking a closer look at noun phrases, we can find some similarities between the two languages which helps the learners have an insight of the English language. As we notice the tables which summarize the structure of English and Vietnamese noun phrases, both of them to some extent have the same general formula. What it means is that a head noun is a compulsory part of the noun phrase in two languages. Additionally, a noun phrase usually needs a pre-modification and a post-modification which effectively elaborates and supplements the head noun.
Noun phrases have special lexicogrammatical features that can distinguish between written and spoken modes. The nature of noun phrases is an important element to compare between two modes and registers. So we will analyze the noun phrases in text 1(written) and text 2(spoken), based on pre-modifiers, heads words and post-modifiers, and other features. Biber argues that the numbers of noun phrases in spoken mode are more than numbers of noun phrases in written mode. Also, Biber finds that noun phrases with modifiers are more common in written mode (Hall and Keynes, 2004).
Task: Consider the features in the following table of spoken and written language. Create a new table for text message language, selecting features from both sides of the table. Spoken Language | Written Language | uses pitch, volume and pace to aid communication | is ephemeral (it disappears as soon as it is said) | uses punctuation and sentence structure to aid communication | is a permanent form of communication (it is written and exists in a physical form). | is often informal | is often spontaneous | is often formal | is often planned | may not be structured in sentences | is often viewed as more unique to an individual – style is more personal | is usually structured in sentences | is often viewed as more standardised, less personal or unique | is often interactional (conversations between speakers) | is often viewed as having lower status | is often transactional(conveying information to readers). | is often viewed as having higher status | Are there more features from spoken or written language in your new table?
A view of where the versatility, riches and diversity of the language lies may be seen here, this paper shows not only a summary of the history of the English language, but also the significance of studying it in depth. The paper also shows several reasons why constituencies such as creative writers, tutors, English speakers and even immigrants who may be learning English should study the history of this language. Why the Philologists We Should Care About Language History. Studying the history concerning the English language may be of paramount importance in the contemporary world. Some words we use when speaking could have different meanings in other places, English being a language used globally, it may be of immense significance for a native to learn its origin.
This dual route theory has an indirect route which converts the written word into sounds, and a direct route which relies on our visual memory to obtain words. With this theory we can use both routes in parallel as sometimes we recognise a word through the direct/visual route, most commonly when the word has an irregular spelling therefore difficult to be sounded out, for example pint or one. But on the other hand we sometimes recognise words indirectly through the sound of the word, especially when the word has a regular spelling and can be sounded out, for example sister or forest (Matlin 2005: 317). A classic study which supports the
COHORT has several issues and so the essay presents the TRACE model which attempts to overcome some of the flaws. Trace demonstrates that dynamic working memory can be integrated into an interactive activation model. This offers a way of recognizing non- words as well explaining that specific types of information can be stored in the lexicon. Cooper et al. (1952) provided groundwork for what is recognized in terms of acoustic cues for linguistic components such as features and phonemes and devised the Motor Theory which was one of the first theoretical approaches to speech perception.
Facilitation helps to counteract interference establishing a new association because of past parallels. There are many variations of the Stroop task; the use of numbers and symbols causes the same result in incongruent tasks. In his experiment, Stroop hypothesized that interference takes place between reading the names of colors and naming the color of the word itself. In his first experiment Stroop had two conditions. The first condition consisted of reading a color name where the print of the color and the print of the word are different (RCNd).
Case-based reasoning Case-based reasoning is a problem solving paradigm that in many respects is fundamentally different from other major AI approaches. Instead of re-lying solely on general knowledge of a problem domain, or making associations along generalized relationships between problem descriptors and conclusions, CBR is able to utilize the specific knowledge of previously experienced, concrete problem situations (cases). A new problem is solved by finding a similar past case, and reusing it in the new problem situation. A second important difference is that CBR also is an approach to incremental, sustained learning, since a new experience is retained each time a problem has been solved, making it immediately available for future problems
The English language is a rather complex and has a wide range of words. We not only adopt the foreign languages, but also incorporate various slang terms into our vocabulary. Every word has an origin of where it originated from and a story behind of how the word came to be, along with its meaning. Throughout history, words tend to adapt and change the way they are used and even the way we pronounce them. At the end of the eighteenth century, the word “ain’t” arose from the contracted verb forms such as “can’t”, “won’t”, and “don’t”.