The Great Schism (Overview) The Great Schism that occurred in the Catholic Church between 1378 and 1417 saw rival popes contend for papal authority. The schism greatly added to existing problems within the Church and did much to further divide a European continent already burdened with war and disease. It began in AD 1378 with the election of Pope Urban VI, who, upon his election, began a series of reforms that greatly upset a largely French College of Cardinals. In anger, they elected their own pope and removed to France. Each pope excommunicated his rival's followers and courted kings for support, thus starting a rift within the Church that made an already uneasy situation worse.
In 1520, the Pope excommunicated with Martin Luther. Luther responded by burning the papal decree in front of his students. In 1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V put Luther on trial, and was declared as an outlaw. Luther went into exile, living at Wartburg Castle, home to Prince Frederick the Wise, of Saxony. Martin Luther’s message held great appeal for various groups, even those of whom had less than spiritual
It was a period of intense rebellions such as the Wyatt’s rebellion, or factional fighting in court for example; Edward’s court was ridden with the visions of the dukes of Northumberland (John Dudley) and Somerset (Edward Seymour). But perhaps the most fundamental division of the mid Tudor crisis was thrown up by the reformation of the church and Mary’s brutal Counter Reformation. This leads me on to talk about one of the largest perceived problems at the start of Elizabeth’s reign. Henry VIII reigned against the background of the dramatic upheaval of the English church known as the Reformation. This is when the authority of the Roman Catholic Church led by the pope was rejected by those known as Protestants.
The French and Indian war led to the Paris Peace Treaty of 1763, which gave Britain the colonies of France. As colonists began moving into these new lands the Indians rebelled. During Pontiac’s rebellion many people died which led Britain to pass the Proclamation Act of 1763, forbidding the colonists from going into lands where treaties had not yet been made with the Indians, thus protecting them from harm. The colonists did not see it this way, and some continued to move west anyway. The war also doubled Britain’s debt which led to the passing of the Sugar Act, which taxed sugar going into the colonies.
The war ends in 1763 with the treaty of Hubertusburg. Son of Francis I, Joseph II, became Holy Roman Emperor in 1765 but his mother Maria Theresa still had most the power until she died in 1780 at age 63. Leopold II, brother of Joseph II, became Holy Roman Emperor after his brother’s death in 1790. In 1792 Leopold died and was succeeded by his son Francis II the last Holy Roman Emperor. In 1792 France declared war on the Holy Roman Empire Starting the War of the First Coalition.
This introduced a new government called the National Convention, which was led by Robespierre. Robespierre brought up a period of time during 1793 called the Reign of Terror. Many people were killed and imprisoned, and the clergy had a new set of rules with one including that the priests have to marry. In 1794, the National Convention voted for the execution of Robespierre. After the death of Robespierre, a new government was introduced called The Directory.
The Cry of Dolores marked the beginning of the long and bloody Mexican War of Independence, which would not conclude until 1821. Millions were killed or displaced in this long conflict. During his trial, Hidalgo seemed to understand what he had wrought and recanted his actions, perhaps foreseeing the bloodbath to come. The Cry of Dolores was the spark that ignited the tinderbox of long pent-up resentment of the Spanish in Mexico. Taxes had been raised to pay for fiascoes like the disastrous (for Spain) 1805 Battle of Trafalgar and in 1808 Napoleon invaded Spain, deposed the king and placed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne.
With Protestantism growing ever since introduced, and many challenges against the church, the Catholic authorities responded in different ways in order to keep Protestantism from growing and correcting it of its mistakes at the Council of Trent (1545-1563). In one of the responses of the Catholic authorities to the Lutheran Reformation was the
The French drove the English from their country in 1453. Results of the War The Hundred Years’ War changed the governments of both England and France. In England, Parliament’s power grew because the king needed Parliament’s approval to raise money to pay for the costly war. As Parliament gained more influence, the king lost power. In France, on the other hand, the king’s power grew.
The war started when English magistrates tried to Christianize the Indians in order to begin making them members fit for a civil society. They would enforce strict laws and procure reparations from the Indians when breaking the same laws. Then Jesuit missionaries from France began traveling from Sachim to Sachim inviting the Indian tribes into a confederacy against the English in return for supplies and payments. In 1675 the conflict the ensued would be the most destructive in American history relative to the size of the population. In all twelve out of ninety towns were destroyed and five percent of New England's population was killed.