From the 1450s to the 1750s, powerful empires including the Spanish maritime empire and the Russian empire rose. With these powerful empires also rose systems of forced labor. The Spanish empire grew to include the Americas, and the Russian Empire took control of territory lost to the Mongols prior to the 1750s. Both the Spanish settlers in the New World and the Russian Nobility needed labor for commercial purposes, but the encomienda system gave the settlers the right to demand labor from natives, whereas Russian serfdom were comprised of peasants who fell into debt and were forced to become laborers to the large estates owned by nobles to repay their debt. The intentions of both the encomienda system and system of Russian serfdom were the same, however, they differed in the foundation and functionality.
The French colonies in the East brought a peaceful cooperation with the Indians. France engaged the Indians in their desire to expand the fur trade and likewise, the Indians found a new global market as they contributed greatly to the fur trade. However, in the West the Spanish entered the new territories with the intention of controlling the region and the local Indians by forcing them into unfree labor and a persistent drive to convert their religious beliefs to Catholicism. The Pueblo Indians rose up in a major rebellion in 1680 led by Pope`. The Pueblo Indians united and attached the missions, killing hundreds of the missionaries and driving them from their native lands.
* Uniform currency in Rome * Many were polytheistic like the Greeks and often persecuted the Christians and Jews * Edict of Milan legalized Christianity and was proclaimed the official religion of Rome by emperor Theodosius. * Han * Learned from Qin and lasted much longer. * Lessened legalism * Wu Di built roads and canals and established an imperial university with Confucianism as the basis for the curriculum. * This was the basis for the civil service exams, which became the entry test for government jobs * Foreign policy of expansion was pursued and North Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia came under its control. * Gupta (India) * Chandragupta Maurya came to power and established the Gupta Empire and conquered many kingdoms.
Joseph II was the son and successor of Maria Theresa. He is known as the “peasant emperor’ because he had traveled in disguise as a beggar to learn about his people’s problems. Joseph approved religious tolerance to Protestants and Jews in his Catholic empire. Joseph II tried to bring the Catholic Church under royal control and ended suppression. Many monasteries and convents built hospitals on land Joseph sold them.
By the treaty of Nijmegen (1678) he gained some Flemish towns and all of FrancheComté. Strasbourg was taken in 1681 and Lorraine in 1684, but the limits of his expansion had been met. Louis fought the new Dutch king of England, William III, and the League of Augsburg in a war. The Banks of Amsterdam and England financed his enemies. Louis's heavy taxes fell on the peasants, who revolted.
Afterward, others Europe countries also entered the new world. By the end of the 16 century, other European monarchies had begun to contest Spain’s dominion in Europe and to make forays into the northern fringes of Spain’s New World preserve. In 1588, England defeats Spanish Armada. England seized hold of the Spaniard’s new world domain. They also started their colonization and immigration because of England overpopulated and agricultural goods need.
Part 1: Terms Middle Ages -Time period between the postclassical era and the renaissance. Consists of Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages, in which the latter saw an improvement in trade, economy, and lives of peasants. (Page 214) Gothic- an architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls. (Page 227) Vikings- A culture originating in Scandinavia (now Norway, Denmark and Sweden) around the mid-8th century AD The Vikings were fierce conquerors, brave explorers, and skilled craftspeople; they invaded and settled countries throughout Western Europe. (Page 216) Manorialism-Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of manors: a lord’s own land, serf holdings, and free peasant land.
He changed his mind because he believed that freeing the serfs was the only way to prevent them from revolting. Facts of Freeing the Serfs In 1861 Alexander created an emancipation, or freedom, law, which said that serfs could now marry, own property, and argue court cases. Each landowner had to determine the area of land owned by the serfs. Landowners also had to pay the serfs for the work they did. Each peasant family received their house and a certain amount of land.
Telling them that whatever they do in the name of the holy land and church will be overlooked by God. This sent the crusaders to a new level of warfare as children were killed, women were raped, and land was set on fire. Although Feudalism led to some type of order and civility, it was all controlled by the Pope and the Church. As Papal power increased, Pope Gregory IV led Western Europe into the 4th Crusade during the High Middle Ages (c.1000-1300). The aftermath of the crusade left Islam and Catholic at a peaceful treaty and trade began.
18. Who was Charlemagne and what title did the pope bestow on him? *Charlemagne was the Powerful king of the Franks and he obtained the title of emperor by the Pope crowning him the Emperor of Rome by acting as the Vicar of Christ. 19. What were the obligations of lords and vassals, and of lords and serfs, to one another? The Lords provided the vassals and serfs with land and protection and the vassals had to fight for the lords and the serfs had to pay rent and farm the land of the lords.